The problem is using outcomes to describe equality. This in and of itself is controversial and not agreed upon (IMO).
I suggest that most humans would agree striving for equal opportunity is a universal goal (although hard to measure and perhaps impossible to fully achieve)
I suggest that many humans see equalized outcomes as more a dystopian nightmare. In todays world it seems equal opportunity, equity.. and equalized outcomes often conflated with one another.
When you treat equality as equality of outcome, you necessarily destroy:
1. Equality of effort.
2. Equality of opportunity.
3. Equality of personal freedom.
4. Equality of justice.
All of these are the right ones to defend while accepting equality of outcome will necessarily force you to embrace behavioral engineering: the industrialization of being manipulative at scale. Basically the wet dream of every power grabbing seeker and wannabe authoritarians in disguise.
Doesn't equality of opportunity also destroy equality of effort?
If some subset of parents work super hard primarily to give their kids a better life, you must either subvert the effort of the parents and give all kids an equal chance or must admit that kids do not have equality of opportunity.
If the efforts those parents are putting in makes those kids fundamentally better at whatever is important for success, than those kids will (statistically) do better than their peers.
If everyone had an opportunity to do that same education/training/effort, but chose not to do so, that isn’t an issue with opportunity.
Kids born to a well-off set of parents can absolutely provide opportunities that other kids do not have access to.
Equality of opportunity and equality of effort just can't coexist unless we create some kind of dystopia where kids are taken away at birth and raised in actual similar conditions.
Under equality of effort, additional effort produces rewards/benefits which by definition produces inequality. If we allow any of that inequality to pass to one's children, then clearly you have unequal opportunity when looking at that generation of children.
Notably their genetics. These things tend to go together.
Furthermore children are likely adapted to be parented by their parents.
The "Three Identical Strangers" documentary on the twin study they buried over likely inconvenient conclusions could only hint at it. The triplet that came to a bad end had a parent very unlike themselves in disposition.
Adopted children also do not gain the full benefit of natural children of good parents.
> Equality of opportunity and equality of effort just can't coexist unless we create some kind of dystopia where kids are taken away at birth and raised in actual similar conditions.
Perfect equality of opportunity is certainly impossible, but we can do much better than the US system. For instance, if all schools were funded equally and given good facilities and skilled teachers and all kids regardless of wealth went to these well-run public schools, opportunity would be quite fair. See e.g. Finland.
The US has the worst possible system in this regard. Poor kids live in poor neighborhoods, where schools have no funding and (often) worst teachers (and even the great ones are so overworked that they can't provide the attention they want). Classes are overcrowded and administrators abuse the children with all kinds of zero-tolerance horrors. Meanwhile the rich kids go to top private schools where the kids are given every opportunity to learn and also make connections with their future CxO peers.
It depends on how far the power of effort can reach. Do the fruits of your effort buy luxury for yourself? That's not a problem to equality of opportunity. But does it buy you political power? Then it might. Does it buy you opportunities for your children? Then that directly violates equality of opportunity.
Perfect equality of opportunity is probably as impossible as any other kind of perfect equality, but I think you can get a lot closer to it than you can get to equality of outcome, by ensuring that at least all the important opportunities are accessible to everybody. If we notice that certain groups of kids from certain environments have less access to certain opportunities that have a big impact on the rest of your life (like education) we should work to fix that.
Now if the kids from successful parents end up waterskiing a bit more while the kids of less successful parents go camping in the woods instead, I don't see that as a very big problem.
Well, except trying to stop parents from using their resources, time,
and effort to better the lives and increase the opportunities for their children in concrete ways is pretty much the definition of dystopia, and goes against pretty much every ‘good’ evolutionary pressure we can identify (aka K strategy). [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/K_selection_theory]
Politics, power, etc. are often avenues for improvement once you get past the basic ‘put food on the table’ situation. Sometimes before that, and are required to put food on the table. They aren’t exclusionary. They are typically more ‘rubber meets the road’ though.
Politics isn’t about making a boss happy after all, it’s about getting a bloc what it thinks it needs (or fooling them into thinking that’s happening, which is usually what it actually looks like on the ground).
If a bloc of people is getting discriminated against, for instance, then one avenue to fix that is to get enough political power to stop it. Which is using political power to get more
opportunity. And no one else is likely to agree on what they think ‘enough’ opportunity looks like.
If there was any enforcement of any ‘you can’t give your
kids a leg up over anyone else’ that would, however, definitely favor the r- side. Which certainly provides a lot of cannon fodder and favors Malthus more.
One could be in favor of an estate tax that removes some of the really outsized distortion possible with fabulous wealth (50% tax per generation?), without removing the invencentive to invest in higher quality, fewer children.
Any sort of block on trying to improve your children’s education though? Yikes. Guys will have zero incentive ever marry or show up (just locks you in to someone pointlessly and makes you tired when hey, the system will pick up the slack), women will have little incentive to do anything but pawn them off to the system (they’d get punished if they tried to do more than that, at some point), etc.
That is not the definition of dystopia at all. But it's also not what I'm proposing: I'm not suggesting we block opportunities, I'm proposing we make sure everybody has access to them, and we put extra effort in ensuring disadvantaged groups get better access to them.
I'm at a complete loss why you think r/K selection has any relevance to issues like freedom, opportunity and politics.
‘an imagined state or society in which there is great suffering or injustice, typically one that is totalitarian or post-apocalyptic’
You could not block the parents who wish from expending outsized effort to improve their children’s life or opportunities without pretty significant authoritarianism.
At large scale, organizations go off coarse metrics. Even the US Department of Labor won their settlement against Google because Google didn’t have the exact percentage of representation based on the course DOL racial selectors.
The easiest and most common way any large organization would comply with such a mandate is not by attempted to educate or lift up the poor, but by crushing any notable examples of people going above the mean anywhere. I can point you to numerous examples of this if you want.
Removing the ability for people who want to make things better to do so, if they were able to do so better than anyone else will result in massive suffering. All in the pursuit of equality.
And it’s fertile ground for growing totalitarian dictatorships because the goal sounds good but is impossible, but no one is able to say why without being the enemy.
You are not reading what I'm writing, and instead projecting your own rather scary ideas onto the discussion. I'm arguing to lift people up, to create more opportunities, and to make those opportunities accessible to more people, instead of less.
The biggest issue with this idea that we can achieve universal access is that we are notoriously bad at predicting the future.
Would you know to ensure every HS student needs access to a computer and programming classes in the 90s?
Would you make sure every student takes a course on blockchains and NFTs today? Does each student need to know ML? Should each kid get Oculus hardware and learn 3d modeling so they can design for the metaverse?
Should we have a class on how to make TikTok videos? If you take the number of newly minted millionaires from the youngest generation, this is probably the one to pick but most people considered social media a scourge and the antithesis of what you should teach in order to provide equality.
I felt back in the 1980s that highschool students should have access to programming classes, and I'm appalled that this is still not universal.
However, that is beside the point: everybody should have access to quality education. There is nothing new or revolutionary about that concept. Education has consistently been proven to have massive benefits for both the recipients and the society they live in. (Except maybe the expensive for-profit education that sends people deep into debt while cutting costs on quality teachers.)
I think you’re confusing some concepts here? Or being absolutist ad-absurdum?
If you insist that everyone have exactly the same chance (equality of opportunity), then sure. Might as well make a lottery.
If you’re saying equality of effort means one persons 1 hour products the same output as someone else’s, then that also is pretty absurd. If for no other reason than people are not or cannot be identical.
I don't think you can even come close to providing equality of opportunity if you let ppl spend money on their children.
Society just doesn't have the resources to provide a private tutor to each student, but rich parents can. How do you close the equality of opportunity gap there?
For someone interested in sailing, opportunities are quite limited unless your parents have a sailboat, in which case you almost learn by default.
> Society just doesn't have the resources to provide a private tutor to each student, but rich parents can. How do you close the equality of opportunity gap there?
i dont think that's what equality of opportunity means though.
The private tutor is giving the child an opportunity to learn. But a child that doesn't have a tutor will still receive an education from a publicly funded school. So both child will have an education. The assumption that having a private tutor automatically gives that child a better education is not really established in evidence imho.
> For someone interested in sailing, opportunities are quite limited unless your parents have a sailboat
so if schools and tertiary institutions have a sailing club, then the student could join that, rather than having to have the capital to own a sailing boat. Of course, today we don't truly have equality of opportunity, so some people don't get to sail, but i think as time progresses, it would get better.
Sure, with enough perseverance, a smart kid could get a better education than a tutored kid just by via the internet. As you point out, the tutor may actually be a crutch and the self-taught kid might actually be better off.
So does simple access to the internet provide equality of opportunity when it comes to learning? At least beyond something like 6th grade?
And each college having a sailing club seems pretty unrealistic. Consider something even more niche like being a dolphin marine biologist. Easy if your parents own something like SeaWorld, otherwise get in line.
When you really boil down a lot of the arguments, it seems to work out to ‘x demographic should have y percent of this high paying industry/powerful position because I say so’.
Which is really about wealth distribution and power blocs.
Which, historically, requires significant effort and adjustment from ANY demographic to get into said power bloc, or make that wealth. And a whole lot of adjustment from them for it to work and everything to not just collapse into ruin. This tends to happen organically. A new student thinks x is cool.
They go into it, but most burn out, or figure out the actual work (or actual people who also like the work) isn’t to their liking and leave.
The small percentage that remain usually have some kind of cultural or parental support, or a particular mindset, that makes them a fit for the situation. If it continues to fit, they find success.
Over time, industries in certain areas then have certain demographic/attitude/background patterns.
It is not uncommon for people who aren’t succeeding using whatever existing system or patterns exist, if the industries are seen as valuable and desirable, to grow resentful, try to weaken/capture them, and/or attempt to destroy and replace them.
It’s also not uncommon for people who ARE successful to setup barriers (explicit and implicit) to perpetuate what they saw as creating the success and protect their (and their kids/whatever) ongoing success.
Both of these responses have evolutionary pressures in their favor.
I agree with you; I think the solution is to try to create a floor of opportunity that is accessible to 99.9+% of people.
There are going to be kids who learn to sail, ski, fly, surf, or take ocean-crossing vacations 4x per year. You don’t gain as much from trimming the top as you do from putting in a solid floor. (It also costs a lot to put in an effective floor.)
I agree. The problem I think is a lot of the discussion is throwing the baby out with the bath water.
Specifically, the baby being a reasonable level of equality that gives everyone a chance to do well, and the bath water being the reality thar people still do badly regardless, and many supposedly ‘good enough’ opportunities are actually just well disguised shittiness/scams. Like poorly run school districts in many areas, which tend to correlate with a lot of minorities.
In that case, I'd argue the internet is sufficient.
Any motivated individual can now access not just average content for each grade-level, but in most cases even better content than is taught in most schools.
One could learn to code or even learn a specialized trade with the right websites/youtube videos.
No. Such a weird take. As if there's a finite amount of nurturing. (The kind of zero sum dogma this OC refutes.)
The point is to lift the floor, not lower the ceiling.
Stuff like homelessness, malnutrition, illiteracy, and so forth stunt natural healthy development, denying those children the opportunity to realize their potential.
Neglecting the least fortunate is bad for everyone. Socially and economically.
Helping kids help themselves is good for everyone. Almost biblical, morality wise.
Isn't the point of equality that systemic inequalities in these 4 points cannot exclusively be addressed by addressing them in isolation? That's what I thought at any rate - that correcting the system without touching outcomes is a much slower, less effective way to try to address inequalities. Then again, that's gut feeling, so i might be wrong.
Equality of outcome is an impossible red herring that I'm surprised keeps occupying so many people. You cannot have equality of outcome and still let people make their own decisions. Equality of Opportunity is the important one we should focus on, and that's going to be hard enough, but every step we manage to get closer, will empower more people and give them more freedom to make their own decisions.
Let's just forget about equality of outcome. There is no such thing.
This is very true. Equality of outcome is always cherry picked on what is causing the outcome as well to make the argument. For example, if one worker completes 10 items/hour and another completes 1 item/hour. You would expect the higher producer to get paid up to 10 times as much in an equal society. The issue is many seem to believe 1 hour worked is 1 hour, so they should get equal pay or equality of outcome. Equality of outcomes is even less fair than portrayed when measured in hours/money and not rates of productivity. The problem is productivity is extremely difficult to measure in a lot of cases. If one person spent 2 hours coming up with an an idea that saves everyone in a 20 person company 1 hour a day for the entire year and another put in 60 hours a week - it’s obvious that the person who worked 2 hours was more productive for the entire year than the person who worked 60 hours a week. We just can’t measure that and instead use flat single variables that don’t reflect actual productivity.
This is broadly correct, but note that the only way to get perfect equality of opportunity is to have no opportunity for anyone, because if people have the opportunity to build up wealth that their children can inherit, then there will be unequal opportunity in the next generation. (And preventing people from passing on their wealth to their children in any way will destroy their motivation to work).
How is "equality of outcome" defined? If multi-generational advantage contributed to a massive wealth gap and head start, is it considered seeking equality of outcome to create policy that seeks to help the previously disadvantaged "catch up"?
Said the other way, is it true equality of opportunity if this history is ignored? Seems odd to suddenly say, "ok, now the playing field is level, so we're all good".
You misread the parent poster, who noted that power grabbers would also like to employ industrialized manipulation at scale, although obviously for purposes other than reaching equal outcomes.
Which prevents any wannabe Stalin or Mao from doing much, since everyone is busy feuding instead of pulling together to accomplish a disaster more effectively.
Everything is always done in the name of ‘the people’ if it helps sell the lie. Always has been that way.
Instead of one tinpot tyrant in your life, you have a dozen, each of which wants a pound of flesh from you.
Most of the feuding they do is not with each other, but with their subjects. Capital owners usually act in unison when it comes to their class interests, it's the rest of us that are busy being divided by culture wars and the gaffe of the week.
I take it you’ve never had this discussion with someone who has dealt with actual tyrants?
No one who was under their sphere of influence would classify Stalin or Mao as tinpot. They killed nearly 100 million of their own people between the two of them.
Khmer Rouge being a third example.
I’ll take squabbling (but still competing) landlords over ‘great leaps forward’ or holodomor any day of the week.
As studied, and as the logic would follow the elite simply transfer from system to system as performance disparities persist through the generations because of genetics.
Through revolutions under different systems tracked family lines out performed others regardless of system.
A look at "communist" china.
Persistence through Revolutions
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/efm/media/workingpapers/working_pap...
This seems to be the issue every time people bring up equality. The truth is that we are doing a lot better in terms of equality of opportunity than we give ourselves credit for. And equality of opportunity often produces disparate, unequal results - like in countries with better gender equality, where we see more unequal distributions of workers in different fields [0].
The dishonest argument that equality = equality of outcomes will harm us in the long run and push us towards unhealthy and draconian social policies.
> like in countries with better gender equality, where we see more unequal distributions of workers in different fields [0].
I wish the correlation/causation and replication crisis crowd would update their priors on that paper.
They published a correction (notably after all the press coverage) because they weren't measuring what they said they were measuring, but it was still a pretty lousy study, and of course demonstrates nothing about causation. [1] has a commentary, but maybe other people have better coverage.
> What does Stoet and Geary’s propensity ratio measure? Worldwide, women earn more tertiary degrees than men. In Algeria, 62.7% of tertiary graduates, and 53.55% of STEM graduates, are women. Yet Stoet and Geary reported a value of 40.7 for Algeria.
Propensity is when you normalize the value to the base rate of graduates for men and women. 53.55 / 62.7 is the women in STEM divided by women getting degrees, 46.45 / 37.3 is the men in STEM divided by men getting degrees. This gives you the rate of stem degrees normalized by how many of each gender gets tertiary degrees.
So basically they wrote that paper not knowing anything. But I can see why a group of gender studies professors would write that piece anyway for political reasons, as this paradox is very uncomfortable for them.
Yet these adjusted figures more of less reinforce the thesis of the original theory. Algeria and Poland, more conservative countries, actually had higher adjusted representation of women in STEM. Luxembourg has fewer. This is important nuance in statistics, but it looks like it's reinforcing the thesis that more equal societies see greater gender disparities in employment.
Do you really think the point of the paper is they're suggesting an arithmetic error was made? The first section of the paper is literally explains the propensity measure as background so they can discuss it.
> But I can see why a group of gender studies professors would write that piece anyway for political reasons, as this paradox is very uncomfortable for them.
Oh yes, professors of gender studies, anthropology and psychology should stick to their soft sciences and not critique hard science written by *checks notes* professors of psychology who write pop science books and articles.
If you want to measure if a woman chooses to graduate in STEM or some other field, you have to measure the women who got that choice and not the women who weren't given that choice. Their example "reversing" the result changed it to also include all the women who can't go to college at all due to gender discrimination and thus didn't get a choice on the matter, that doesn't help us see whether those women would have gone into STEM or not at college.
That is why you have to compare women who choose STEM to women who choose to study something else. An anti equal society would be expected to push women into feminine fields and away from masculine fields. But as the study showed that didn't happen, gender unequal societies seemed to do the opposite. All this counter study showed is that you can mask this bias by also weighing in that unequal societies also bars many women from entering college at all.
> In todays world it seems equal opportunity, equity.. and equalized outcomes often conflated with one another.
Spot on. Even the most hardcore progressive fanatics I’ve spoken to aren’t pushing for a totally equal experience across humanity. It’s about giving everyone a fair shot at a quality life. Some may have terrible ideas for how to achieve that, but they’re not trying to cut all flowers to the same height.
I have spoken with a few hardcore “progressive” fanatics arguing for absolute equality of outcome.
It’s a good reminder that intelligence is used to achieve goals, it’s not used for setting goals. When someone’s values are so different it’s hard to have any sort of meaningful conversation.
> When someone’s values are so different it’s hard to have any sort of meaningful conversation.
This is something I spend a lot of time thinking/worrying about.
I deeply believe that to make meaningful progress, we all need to start listening to each other. Not just what others are saying outwardly, but looking for the underlying reasons they’re saying it - their values.
When someone’s position on policy is drastically different than my own, a conversation about values often reveals that we’re not so far off in terms of what we believe. They just got stuck on their particular implementation detail.
But when values are worlds apart, what then?
On the plus side, I’ve encountered far more people who fall into the former category - disagreement on policy - then I’ve encountered in the latter - a true chasm between our value systems.
The frustrating part is that the same group of people in the policy disagreement category are quick to lump me in with the value extremists without stopping to make sure that’s what I really believe.
And such is the state of modern political discourse, where championing equality is derided as a fanciful dream about equity, when nothing could be further from the truth.
> When someone’s values are so different it’s hard to have any sort of meaningful conversation.
I recommend having 'deep' conversations. Dig down into definitions, in to differences perceived, find where your perceptions differ. Then you can propose experiments that would change one perception or another.
Most people do not have the time for that for one reason or another(including myself sometimes), but it has worked for me and might for you.
Intelligence without faith and spirit just turns in on itself. The 60s benefited from peak functional values before the decline, they braved danger when we lock down today. They were also likely the last generation before the rot of mass dysgenics set in.
Why Was the 1960s the Peak of Human Accomplishment (and Pro-Sociality)?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kokKSIq5Z0g
> but they’re not trying to cut all flowers to the same height
This is usually the point in the conversation where they share the cartoon of a group of people staring over a fence watching a baseball game, with each person standing on a different sized stepladder such that their overall height is equal. So yes, I would argue that is exactly what they are trying to do.
Yet if you point out that women live longer than men on average, and equality of outcome there would require huge government funding into men's health, or allowing men to collect social security earlier so they have equal retirement years, the same "progressives" will usually oppose those measures!
I don't see progressives oppose funding healthcare of any kind, and I'm certainly in favour of people doing hard physical work being able to retire earlier (or better: making their work less hard).
If you really want to tackle this issue, you need to look at why men live shorter than women. Do they die violent deaths more often? Trying to make society less violent could benefit everybody. Do they harm their health by working more often in unhealthy situations? Maybe improve those work situations. Are they more likely to commit suicide? Maybe invest in better mental healthcare. Does testosterone make them more likely to engage in risky behaviour that gets them killed? Well, at some point you've got to decide whether the higher risk and resulting shorter life expectancy is a matter of personal choice or not. I suppose education can play a role here.
Data suggests that more gender equality in society also leads to more gender equality in life expectancy[0]. But we should also remember that the goal of equality has to be to lift people up. Of course we could close the gender life expectancy gap by reducing life expectancy for women (maybe reducing maternity health care?) but I hope everybody agrees that would be a terrible idea. We should tackle the issues that cause men to die earlier.
> If you really want to tackle this issue, you need to look at why men live shorter than women.
Well one obvious factor is that society has a bias towards over investing in women's health. Look at cancer research. Pancreatic cancer kills a similar number of people to breast cancer but receives something like 1/100th of the research funding. If we reallocated breast cancer funding to pancreatic cancer, that could reduce the gender lifespan gap while still saving a similar number of lives (or even more) overall.
I don't think that's it. I mean, it's true that breast cancer research is one of the best funded types of cancer research, but there have also been tons of reports that a lot of medication is only tested on men and not on women. Or that women are less likely to be taken seriously when they visit a doctor. So I don't think it's so clear cut that women receive substantially better health care. There are blind spots all over the place.
That's pretty clearly sexism against men, e.g. viewing men as disposable. Remember we test drugs on mice before humans, and that's not because we like mice; it's because they're cheap and disposable.
Imagine we only tested drugs on women. People would definitely see that as sexism against women, if not outright abuse of women! There would be endless news articles about women who suffered permanently debilitating effects of the drugs that were tested on them. There would be feminist protests to stop testing drugs on women.
You are very quick to jump to a judgmental conclusion about this. And a wrong one, in this case: if drugs is tested on men, that means it's suitable for men, but may not account for physiological differences between men and women. This is a serious issue that has fortunately been getting more attention lately.
The drugs aren't being tested on men instead of mice, they're being tested on men instead of women. The reason for that is that men have more stable hormone levels that don't fluctuate over the month and therefore give more reliable test results, but that also means that these treatments don't account for the fluctuating hormone levels of women.
I don't know where you live, but in most countries people aren't being forced into these sort of tests against their will. You make it sound like you're living in a totalitarian dictatorship where people are dragged off the street for dangerous experiments that haven't gone through a rigid testing process yet.
It's usually a false correlation as gender "equality" is usually not a cause of anything, it is the luxury of excess that allows a society to afford it. There hasn't been a modern test of where a society hasn't been forced to pretend at equality to see where the outcomes would end up, the results may even be better as productivity wouldn't be undermined to support an ideology.
Maybe it's better to say that many aspects of gender inequality are the cause of various things. We can analyse the differences between countries and draw conclusions from that. And it appears that countries where people are less likely to be discriminated or face restrictive expectations based on their gender, end up with better outcomes in terms of life expectancy, freedom, happiness, prosperity, etc. It's possible that some of those correlations aren't direct causations, but they're still correlations.
Anyone else notice the whole 's/equality/equity/' change that was broadly yet quietly slipped into mainstream society a couple years ago thinking that no one would notice? We somehow memory holed equality of opportunity and replaced it with equality of outcomes (equity) nearly overnight, with all media and corporate communications switching over their newspeak lexicon in unison. What's most interesting about the whole "equity" argument is the groupthink around the official list of who is and isn't marginalized, because my wholly unscientific observation is there is quite an understated effort to exclude East Asians and Indians from the equity club. My guess is their cultures have been deemed "too successful" or exhibiting characteristics (such as emphasis on education and family) contrary to the goals of this social engineering. Stuff like this is what stokes division in society and unfortunately I don't see this ending well.
Not consistently. If you point out there are outcomes where "minorities" do better, e.g. women living longer than men on average, and suggest we fix this by e.g. spending more government funding on men's health research, suddenly the "pro-equality" people try to change the topic, or claim that the difference is "biological" and therefore shouldn't be meddled with (an attitude they would of course call sexist if the advantage were in the other direction).
If you are referring to the US, it's more because of the proportional treatment of indigenous, Hispanic, and black people by the government, historically speaking. Not because a particular group is too successful.
For example, if you read about the history of the Trail of Tears and slavery, those were long-term instances of oppression to specific groups. Not that Indians or East Asians haven't had periods of poor treatment, but the government had a hand in making it almost impossible for the aforementioned groups to accumulate wealth or property in America over the centuries.
If you look at the reason why Title IX exists, it is not because "men are too successful", if that makes sense.
This didn't start a couple of years ago, lol! Re-defining equality as equality of outcome in order to obtain power is a trick that dates back at least as far as Marx and probably much further.
I'm not sure I understand this line of thinking. It seems to suggest that there is some semblance of equality of opportunity (or, put another way, that we should ignore the multitude of ways in which we can observe that opportunities are grossly unequal).
It also seems to seems to suggest that if marginalized groups have drastically worse outcomes, it's because of some characteristic within those people. It seems a roundabout way of saying that all outcome disparities can be explained with, "Well, they're just lesser people in regards to intelligence/work ethic/whatever."
> it's because of some characteristic within those people
But why can't this be true? Numerous studies have shown that genetic and particularly cultural traits produce vast differences in cognitive ability. Most recently for instance in a story about Korean twins separated at birth[1].
Research also shows that these differences can account for an overwhelming majority of the disparity in outcomes. This has been an active area of research for decades, and academia isn't at all in agreement that "marginalization" is the culprit here[2].
> marginalized groups have drastically worse outcomes
Not all "marginalized groups" do though, do they? Unless you only include groups with poor outcomes in your definition of "marginalized", in which case it's a bit circular isn't it?
> But why can't this be true? Numerous studies have shown that genetic and particularly cultural traits produce vast differences in cognitive ability. Most recently for instance in a story about Korean twins separated at birth[1].
Let's be honest, the reason so many people are opposed to this view is because it has been wrongfully used in the past to justify very real oppression and inequality of opportunity. At the very least, it is a very dangerous mindset historically, and even now it's not very well understood.
For example, in the study you mentioned around Korean twins, one was raised in a fairly standard Korean household while the other was tossed around the foster care system and had multitudes of setbacks given to them. And yet people will still use it as evidence that these differences are inherent and unchangeable. Do you not see how this reasoning can lead us to ignore our own blindspots and biases?
> wrongfully used in the past to justify very real oppression and inequality of opportunity
That doesn't mean that the view is factually inaccurate though does it? I think the best way to avoid oppression is to define and prohibit the practice of it, rather than measure the outcomes. This is what civil rights seems to be all about.
> differences are inherent and unchangeable
I never said that, I said that different childhood circumstances, cultural practices, and domestic environments clearly produce vastly different outcomes. I also think that using authority to standardize how children are raised would be tyrannical.
Most fundamentally, if you want to raise your children without, for instance, an emphasis on educational attainment, you should have the right to do so. Also, no one should be surprised that children raised in such circumstances don't go on to have equality of economic outcome. And no one should get bent out of shape about these facts in combination, as they are not a product of "marginalization".
> Most fundamentally, if you want to raise your children without, for instance, an emphasis on educational attainment, you should have the right to do so.
Perhaps that's true if you believe that parents should be the only ones responsible for their children's fate, but that puts a lot of power in parents' hands and doesn't leave much with the kids themselves.
I think there's a middle ground between complete standardization and complete reliance on one or two individuals that prevents the worst outcomes, although it may also prevent some of the best possible outcomes. But generally getting input from a number of different sources is a good thing, and even if "authority" may not be great at comprehensive development of varied individuals, it can still set minimum standards and make sure the child isn't entirely subject to their parents' whims.
Using authority to take power over their own children away from parents isn't something I'm sure I'm onboard with. I think it suggests a long conversation about the philosophy of cooperation and coexistence that may exceed the depth limit of this forum :)
Edit: More generally, parents are responsible to a large degree for their children's fate, as the importance of domestic environment in the research repeatedly shows. The question is what (if anything) we should do about this, exactly?
Edit 2: Come to think of it, using authority over parents in this way could constitute cultural genocide, for instance as it was perpetrated by the Canadian residential school system. Funny how casually it can be suggested.
> Using authority to take power over their own children away from parents isn't something I'm sure I'm onboard with.
Just in case you have not noticed, we do that nowadays, to combat child abuse. Giving parents 100% unrestricted power over their children would enable horrific child abuse, selling your children for slavery etc ... Funny how casually it can be suggested.
The answer lies in the middle, as the parent post suggested :)
If we connect the dots, it seems you're suggesting that raising children with different values, values that may not set them up for optimal economic outcomes, constitutes child abuse and should be actioned as such. I disagree. This was also the case made by the residential school system, just by the way.
Child abuse is pretty well bounded and defined. Ranking of cultural values is certainly not.
>>Let's be honest, the reason so many people are opposed to this view is because it has been wrongfully used in the past to justify very real oppression and inequality of opportunity. At the very least, it is a very dangerous mindset historically, and even now it's not very well understood.
And the denial of that view has historically been used to impose the most tyrannical societies that have ever existed, in the form of totalitarian communist states.
If you live in a society controlled by people who have concluded that it’s okay if your outcomes are terrible because you culture, genes, cognitive abilities, etc. are inferior, then I don’t really see any sense in which it makes sense to say that you received “equality of opportunity.” And my claim is completely independent of how confident the powerful people are that their beliefs about your inferiority are big-T True.
You're assuming that economic outcome is the one metric by which all people should be equalized. This seems a bit presumptive doesn't it?
> culture, genes, cognitive abilities, etc. are inferior
No one said they are inferior, only that they seem produce different results. It's you who is characterizing these as inferior. Equality of opportunity is apparent through the fact there is no policy (that I'm aware of), explicitly targeting people by, say, race (whatever that means), and that such policies are illegal.
This fact alone however provides no guarantee of economic equality, nor was it ever intended to, nor has economic equality ever been a goal of legal equality. The reasons for economic inequality are myriad and complex, and people have devoted their entire careers to their study. Did you watch the video I linked? What do you think of Dr. Sowell's perspective?
> You're assuming that economic outcome is the one metric by which all people should be equalized. This seems a bit presumptive doesn't it?
I didn’t mention anything specifically about economic outcomes, although obviously money can have a big effect on important outcomes like nutrition and medical care.
> No one said they are inferior, only that they seem produce different results. It's you who is characterizing these as inferior.
Someone did say this. The comment I’m responding to used the terms “drastically worse outcomes” and “lesser people.” Also, I’m not here to quibble about questions like “is it really worse to be starving than to be well-fed?”
It is far more empathetic and fair to acknowledge people's genetic disadvantages and adjust expectations accordingly, than to demand everyone competes at the same level.
Which is why women have their own sports leagues instead of being forced to compete with men.
It is you that is injecting the idea of "inferiority". Women and children cannot compete athletically with men, and that's okay. I don't think that you would try to suggest that women's and under 18's football leagues were the result of "society being controlled by people who have concluded that these groups are genetically inferior".
I couldn't agree more, and think the comparison to sports is particularly apt. No one reaches for "marginalization" when trying to explain why various sports leagues do not follow the general population with regards to ethnic composition. Also no one seems to be upset when genetic and cultural factors are offered as an explanation. Go figure.
I don’t think I’m injecting anything. The comment I’m referring to used the terms “drastically worse outcomes” and “lesser people.” I think my usage of “inferior” is a straightforward synonym.
Can unequal outcomes be an indicator of unequal opportunity? Yes. Can unequal outcomes exist despite equal opportunity? Yes.
There are many non-intrinsic reasons for groups of individuals to not be equally represented.
The most obvious is human ethnic group migrations, and the most consistently studied is career-choice differences between men and women.
Equal opportunity does not guarantee equal outcomes - especially in only one or two generations after a migration. ...and in the case of gender differences in career interest, forcing equal outcomes is counter-productive. Humans are different. Different outcomes are evidence of diversity, not malice.
> especially in only one or two generations after a migration.
Thats a perfect example of unequal opportunity. As much as we try to make excuses around it, the single biggest predictor of someone's lifetime income is their parents income. The fact of the matter is being rich provides opportunities and advantages being middle class doesn't and definitely not being poor, and there is little evidence to suggest that this corrects itself after a few generations. The fact is historically poor populations tend to stay that way, with those who escape being outliers.
> The fact of the matter is being rich provides opportunities and advantages being middle class doesn't and definitely not being poor, and there is little evidence to suggest that this corrects itself after a few generations. The fact is historically poor populations tend to stay that way, with those who escape being outliers.
This is, in fact, the opposite of true. As noted below, pretty much every wave of American immigrants until recently (Irish, Germans, Italians, Southeast Asians) came here desperately poor and eventually attained economic parity with the groups that were already here. Indeed, that process continues with Hispanic immigrants: https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/135/2/711/5687353 ("Hispanic Americans have rates of intergenerational mobility more similar to whites than blacks, leading the Hispanic-white income gap to shrink across generations.")
In the U.S., structural poverty affecting a discrete minority affects Black and Indigenous people, and certain white sub-groups such as Appalachians and Cajuns. It's not a good default model for thinking about income mobility in general.
People also absorb their parents' attitudes about things like work, diligence, handling money, honor, investing, value of education, etc. These have a large effect on their future lives.
> there is little evidence to suggest that this corrects itself after a few generations
On the contrary. The vast bulk of modern American citizens emigrated to America as poor, even destitute, people. Look what happened to their descendants.
> The fact of the matter is being rich provides opportunities and advantages being middle class doesn't and definitely not being poor, and there is little evidence to suggest that this corrects itself after a few generations. The fact is historically poor populations tend to stay that way, with those who escape being outliers.
There are a massive number of examples of this being untrue in America. Jewish Americans, Cubans, Irish, Asian Americans, Poles - all these groups started out poor, and regarded as something other than and lesser to "white" people, and now have at least the same incomes and often more.
They were bombed out disconnected from family lines, lost history and recovered in a generation.
The people you are likely referring to for the chattel excuse history also under perform in country after country where such things were never allowed. Diversity is difference, and difference will lead to persistent disparity.
>>> single biggest predictor of someone's lifetime income is their parents income.
I would have guessed it would be incarceration. Do you have some numbers to support your belief? Wealthy parents likely were not incarcerated, so there may be overlap.
I expect your correct, wealthy parents tend not to be incarcerated. Also more likely to be able to supply their children with high quality care if they are.
Welding is overwhelming a male profession. At least 85 percent of professional welders are male.
Is it a goal to make 50 percent of welders male and female? Why? How about equal representation between asian and white welders ? again why?
In todays world women welders are encouraged and hired with little difficulty. You could argue that they have close to an equal opportunity as anyone to become a welder (perhaps more so).
Just because this metric group does not work out proportionally to the population base does not necessarily indicate oppression.
It is possible that many women for some unknown reason just don’t want to be welders… maybe that’s okay.
> In todays world women welders are encouraged and hired with little difficulty.
This is where you go off the rails. I know two women that are journeyman electricians. The amount of bullshit they have to continuously turn the other cheek on is incredible. They're put in a lose lose situation where sticking up for themselves will backfire, but not being confrontational means they continue to get thrown all sorts of harassment, abuse, and a lot of nonsense about who works what task on big jobs.
When we see disparities this huge, in jobs that are definitely desirable, it's smoke. Then you actually go talk to women in these industries, and they will indeed confirm that there's a huge fire.
This is not some great philosophical question about equality of outcomes and the sad unknowable complexity of how it relates to equality of opportunity. That's just an excuse to tell people trying to put out an obvious fire that they should just stop.
In particular I'd suggest you read the history of what happened to women that learned industrial fabrication skills during WW2 and wanted to keep working with them.
Agreed. I know more than one woman who endured very gender-specific abuse in physical trades, and this was in the past 10 years. The flip side of this is that men are frequently demeaned and harassed for entering traditional "female" jobs: teaching younger children, nursing, and so on. The cultural pressures causing this sorting are still very strong.
That said, I don't think this is something that can be entirely addressed by government action. Government can take action against overt harassment, but you can't pass a law against your grandma thinking your job means you're gay (true story, in the case of a friend of mine).
Harassment is not okay but who cares if grandma think your job means you're gay. Grandma thinking you're gay (or thinking a job is girly or boyish) is not a real obstacle to opportunity and lumping it in with harassment just confuses the problem.
People will always have various pressures and cultural biases that inform what occupations are picked. Humans are not the same, not every difference of opinion needs to be stamped out however misguided you believe them to be.
Whether it's a problem that your grandma, or anyone else, thinks you're gay for having a certain job, depends entirely to how much discrimination gay people get from society. I think that the less discrimination gay people get, the less likely people are to think you're gay for having a certain job. All of this is connected somehow.
He isn't talking about grandmas. At least in the UK the primary reason for the steep decline in male primary school teachers is the perception that men are much more likely to be targeted by false claims of child abuse, and will be treated much less fairly if so.
I remember reading a story about such a case some years ago. The male teacher in it had eventually proven his innocence and that the child was a malicious liar, but the process had wrecked his family and made him unemployed. He wasn't going back into teaching and stated to the press, very clearly, that no man should ever work with children because the female-dominated profession would always find a man guilty until proven innocent, regardless of the merits of any case. I remember it clearly because his view was so stark, so bleak and yet so well articulated and justified. I decided right there and then that I'd take his advice and stay well away from teaching.
Not that things change much as adults, of course. Every time there's a run of men proving their innocence in false rape cases (in the UK), feminists go nuts and insist the law is changed to prevent men using that tactic to prove their innocence in future. The "females must always win" mentality is pervasive and makes working in female dominated professions risky.
There are many professions like this. My sons school has 35 teachers, none of which are men. Nursing seems to be another profession with many more women than men. Same with spa workers. Truck drivers are mostly men. Movers. NFL football players.
>No, but we are supposed to remove the barriers that prevent men becoming nurses and teachers, women becoming truck drivers, etc., etc.
I think this is a dangerous example in certain professions.
For example, someone I know was a volunteer fire fighter in a specific area that regularly required high risk fire suits + masks + oxygen tanks + supplemental gear. This is a huge amount of weight to be carrying around in sweltering temperatures, before even helping victims, or swinging an axe.
Likewise combat loads in the armed forces are regularly exceeding 40 lbs not to include crew served weapon systems. Add a stinger, a machine gun with a tripod+ full load, a Javelin, or a disassembled mortar and you have some serious weight. Armed forces have to remain mobile even when loaded.
Physics and engineering problems prevent the simplistic modification of these jobs to those that cannot meet the grueling physical requirements.
I think it is far better to define certain occupational requirements by certain requirements for entry. Now I know 95% of jobs don't require these, but for those that do it is a life & death matter.
Yes, but those aren't gender issues, those are a matter of strength requirements. And of course physical strength correlates with gender, but it's not true that all men are stronger than all women. Women who meet those requirements should be able to do those jobs and not get discriminated for it. And men who don't meet those requirements shouldn't be expected to do those jobs.
So, all legal barriers have been removed for decades. There may be cultural barriers, or cultural incentives. How can you know when other barriers are gone, and you have a job that is just naturally more appealing to men or women?
Sometimes the change over time in professions like law has been used to disprove this case for formerly male dominated professions. This is also the case in teaching. There were far more male primary school teachers in the past.
The actual cause of the decline is usually identified as the risk of false claims of sexual abuse, which are taken far too seriously by the system and unfortunately too many parents/teachers take the stance of guilty-until-proven-innocent.
A while ago, Biden announced that he hasn't selected a Supreme Court nominee yet, but that it was going to be a black woman.
I felt that was more vile racism than anything I have ever heard come out of Trump's mouth. I was appalled by the blatant racism that would have to thoroughly permeate your world view to allow you to proudly say something like that.
But, at the same time, Biden doesn't think he's racist. I believe that he truly despises racism. He's just got himself tied up into conceptual knots and self-contradictory values and beliefs, and rationalizations that he doesn't want to examine too closely. I don't think that's uncommon among academics and intelligent people in general.
I don't see the parent comment communicating those ideas.
There is no statement in the comment that there is currently "some semblance of equality of opportunity" only that "most humans would agree striving for equal opportunity is a universal goal". This is a directional statement, not a statements about current progress in that direction.
Nor do I see any statement that group outcomes are explained entirely "because of some characteristic within those people."
"It also seems to seems to suggest that if marginalized groups have drastically worse outcomes, it's because of some characteristic within those people."
What about minority groups that have drastically better outcomes?
For a non-US-controversial example, Chinese people in Malaysia, probably the only country that has affirmative action ("Bumiputera") for the majority ethnic group.
The historical experience says that disproportionally successful minority groups tend to live under a persistent shadow of violent retribution / ethnic cleansing / genocide at the hands of the majority, so their "privilege" is often very two-edged. But this situation, actually fairly common across the world, is rarely discussed in modern racial narrative.
The difficult part about these discussions is that there’s a principled philosophical aspect and a pragmatic aspect.
We’re all born equal, but take different paths. It’s a lazy answer to say “<“They”> are just a bunch of lazy rabble”, but it’s equally lazy to declare that we’re all prepared to do anything, given the opportunity.
Coming to a middle ground that respects human dignity and improves society as a whole is truly difficult.
>It also seems to seems to suggest that if marginalized groups have drastically worse outcomes
If they have equal opportunity, how can they be marginalized? Why can't remaining differences in outcome be explained by cultural or character differences? Given the opportunity to do what they want, people who don't value the same things probably aren't going to do the same thing.
History is a vector. If you think of it that way, it makes sense that some groups end up with relatively more negative outcomes than others. Our moral obligation is to provide everyone with the tools to overcome whatever disadvantages their ancestral vector has placed on them.
You forgot to mention people having different values and ways to go about achieving them - could explain the difference in outcomes without making them lesser in any way.
We've banned this account for repeatedly breaking the site guidelines and for using HN for ideological battle. Regardless of what you're battling for or against, it's not what this site is for, and it destroys what it is for.
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> only minorities of some sort suffer from worse opportunities.. that is utterly ridiculous.
> You throw under the bus anyone who’s in “not marginalized” group but had a shitty lack of opportunity, and vice versa.
The entire definition of “marginalized” is “pushed out to the margins”. In the case of equity, it’s that marginalization that means a lack of opportunity. So throwing people under the bus who had a lack of opportunity means a bad definition of the marginalized.
Which has happened. A lot. So many mistakes have been made in trying to provide equitable outcomes. Shameful ones. But that doesn’t mean the whole concept is bad.
> I am literally willing to fight in a war to stop it at this point if it comes to it.
If you’re willing to die for something, you better be damn sure you’re fighting the right enemy. Given what you’ve said here, I don’t think you’ve found them yet.
The system you describe isn't perfect, but almost certainly is a net increase in fairness.
Is there a reason we can't solve the equality issue for historically marginalized groups, then fix the systems again to address the smaller set of folks who were disadvantaged by the changes?
Basically, can we Zeno's paradox our way most of the way there, solving and disadvantaging smaller and smaller sets of people?
Why use historically marginalized groups - which almost always means racial groups as your target?
If you want to put more money into educational support for children where neither parent went to college or makes more then $x - I'm all in favor. But when you can easily measure those things, why then conflate it with race? If certain racial groups fall into those disdavtaged categories, they will automatically benefit. But maybe poor hard working white, or indian, or Chinese parents are dubious about giving additional benefit to the middle class or rich people who happen to be of a certain race? To take a specific example, why should a university prefer to accept one of president Obama's kids ahead of the child of a Chinese butcher or shopworker, all other things being equal?
I didn't say race very deliberately. There are plenty of marginalized groups of particular races, of course, but there are marginalized groups based on plenty of other criteria. LGBTQ+ folks, the elderly, women, immigrants, etc etc etc.
All of these are crude generalizations. If marginalization can be definitively stated to exist in someone, then it can be measured, and if it can be measured, then it can be directly compensated for without resorting to generalizations.
I would prefer that the state treats every one equally, instead of trying to equalize something as elusive, hard to measure and outside of any sensible government mandate, as good fortune (or lack of bad fortune) in one's life.
> I would prefer that the state treats every one equally, instead of trying to equalize something as elusive
I don't think you quite understand here. There are ways of helping out marginalized groups, with their specific problems, and still treating everyone equally.
For example, when there are laws that are passed, that make sexual harassment in the workplace illegal, this disproportionally helps out women, with this problem that they mostly face.
But, even though, yes, this helps this marginalized group, it is still equal. Sexual harassment is still illegal, whether it happens to either men or women, but passing such a law does help this marginalized group more.
You are correct, of course, but equality can be deployed the opposite way as well. The law that says "no sleeping under bridges" impacts different groups unequally.
I'm trying to imagine how you would quantify how marginalized someone is. Black Americans have challenges, women in America have challenges, Black Women in America have challenges that are unique from either Black Americans or women. (When people talk about intersectionality, this is what they mean.)
How does being queer interact with being from West Virginia, or being poor and and having celiac.
There's just too many factors, you cannot just calculate them all, because they are not independent variables.
Every one has challenges. Claiming certain groups have more challenges implies being able to measure the difficulty of challenges, in order to be able to ascertain the challenges of one group are greater than the norm.
I can't tell you how much concrete there is in my house, I can't tell you how much concrete there is in the apartment building down the block.
I can tell you with near certainty that the apartment building has more concrete. Even if I've never been inside it.
Likewise, I can't measure the amount of challenge I faced (they were significant), I can't tell you the amount of challenge a trans kid faces. I can tell you with near certainty the trans kid faces more.
You don't need to measure, you don't need to be exact. Opportunity is wildly uneven right now. We can absolutely level things, and worry about whether we over corrected later.
Biggest one of all they always exclude is genetics, intelligence, predisposition, drive, these are not evenly distributed, and why would they be under a system of evolution.
I think the reason we can’t is that even “just” defining the target state and path to get there is insanely difficult to get agreement even among people who staunchly and genuinely support some version of “solve the equality issue”.
When will we know we’ve solved it? When outcomes are equal? When 100.00% of unequal outcomes can be explained as the outcome of individual and family choices? When 99% can be explained?
How should we treat inter-generational wealth and property ownership? If I’ve worked all my life, lived prudently, carefully spent less than I earned, should I be able to pass along only my old baseball mitt to my kid? Maybe $100? Maybe $100K? Maybe $2M and the paid-off house under the condition he takes care of his mother? If one kid gets a musty baseball mitt and another a house and $2M, is that OK or not? One kid gets a house and another a house and a live-in elderly mother; equal?
Different people feel differently, even if they’re both “all for solving the equality issue”.
We won't ever know, but we'll know when we haven't solved it.
Let's fix the injustices we are aware of today. (E.g., the effects of racist housing policies that depressed wealth for generations of Black Americans.) As soon as we're no longer able to point to obviously and deeply unequal opportunities, then we can stay figuring out how to know when we're done.
“Why can’t we all just agree to do this specific one thing first?” Because not everyone agrees that’s the best first step.
To build a coalition, you have to get the coalition to agree on a goal and a path or at least the right first step(s). Maybe some of them believe that nationalizing public education is a shorter path; others believe that early childhood nutrition is their preferred way to make fastest progress; still others believe that race must be explicitly excluded because it’s an imperfect proxy; others want race to be front and center in the discussion because they think it’s more than just a proxy. If you think X is more important than Y, you may not want to sign up for “Y first; then after we do Y then maybe we’ll consider X.”
This goes triple when X and Y both require some common resource. If it was possible to fix all of the apparent inequalities at once, it’s fair to ask why hasn’t it already been done? I think the answer is usually that you don’t have enough “oomph” to do everything at once, especially when there’s a risk and low appetite for over-correcting to create new inequalities from the program designed to eliminate them.
Coalition building is hard, even among people who 70+% agree on how things ought to be.
Yes, but the bar needn't be to find the "best" first step. We just need to find a sufficiently large first step.
This is standard triage procedure, we don't halt all treatment until we've sorted through every possible procedure the hospital could provide. Instead, we look for areas that need our attention now and try to get them at the front of the queue.
Triage staff aren't seeking the best, most optimal first patient. They are trying to identify problems that need our attention.
I wasn't making a value judgment about "ought to be", but rather an estimation that a politician has a hell of a lot more to lose by doing something unpopular than by doing nothing.
That's the sense in which doing nothing is a sensible default for a career politician who wishes to extend their career.
Honestly, I think you're being unproductively passionate. I understand, but sometimes when you feel that swell of righteous anger it might behoove you to pause for a minute before you continue typing. And that applies even if you are absolutely, 100%, correct.
But this:
>Whatever it is we are pushing back against, it is not liberalism.
I agree. Much of the modern far left is the antithesis of liberal, they're strongly authoritarian... but they don't think they are. They've gotten spun around, so they think they are banning, censoring, and restricting in the name of freedom and liberty. It's nonsense, but it's something they can't see when they're in the middle of it... and worked up with their own righteous anger. Or defending against the attacks of others. Nobody thinks straight when they're being attacked.
That's a good reason to actively work on keeping HN discussion civil. It keeps the reactive reptile brains of all involved under control.
Yeah, man, at least pretend to be civilized and don't confess straight away you yearn for being able to shoot people. I'd say that's pretty good advice for reasonable people, and even for the far-left and the far-right.
No, what's happened is that a lot of progressive politics became actively divisive and toxic, which gave opponents actually relevant, insightful commentary about its shortcomings.
At some point the progressive movement will weed out it's toxic members and divisive politics and at that point we can make real progress with making the world a fairer place again.
The issue is that outcomes are easier to measure, and so are.
Consequently, the policy eventually targets the measured metric, and we get policies intended to increase opportunity that instead directly target outcomes.
At which point, policy wonks pat themselves on the back for hitting their metrics.
Well yes, it can happen. I don't know if that "causes" misogyny, but is rather the result of it. It's paradoxically the case that societies with less gender equality tend to have greater STEM equality [1], and vice versa. Because women in these unequal societies have very little broad opportunity, they rush to one of the few opportunities that's even possible for them: STEM. They'll push themselves to do it even if they don't want to, because it's their only meal ticket out of their situation. Women in more equal societies presumably have more of a voluntary choice and tend to choose STEM less as a result.
Are they easier to measure or are they measured by people who are more concerned about equality of outcome instead of equality of opportunity? Is it really significantly easier to measure the "diversity" of the incoming class of an Ivy League school than it is to determine whether the selection process between a set of individuals with the same qualifications will produce selections that are distributed in the same way as the applicants are distributed in that set?
Also, if equality of outcomes is used as the measurement, then it definitely harms advantaged groups.
Let's assume that all gender-unequal job distributions are due to discrimination (which is highly unlikely, btw), then by definition forcing equal outcomes (e.g. a 50% women quota) will harm the previously dominant group by reducing their share of the distribution.
The discussion shouldn't be if equality might harm some groups (it definitely does), but instead which level of harm we're willing to accept for the greater good (of more equality).
Compare two worlds: in one, because of discrimination, there are fewer engineers, scientists, talented statesmen, teachers; in the other, without discrimination, there are more of these professions. The second world is more beneficial to everyone, even those of the advantaged groups of the first world. In the second world, people are more likely to discover beneficial technologies, economic approaches, medical breakthroughs, whatever.
Your take assumes that highly paid highly respected jobs aren't a limited resource.
In most universities there is a fixed number of PhD slots determined by the available budget. Then each person getting one of those jobs is blocking someone else from getting that job.
> Your take assumes that highly paid highly respected jobs aren't a limited resource.
The economy expands to accommodate talent. Jobs are bounded by it. Magically double our collective intelligence, and what we understand as a "job" would cease to have meaning. Suddenly double the number of engineers, and our economy would boom.
But for the student finishing a master's degree, the only metric that matters is "PhD openings available this year". And short-term, job openings are zero sum.
The discussion here is whether equality is zero-sum: disadvantageous to "advantaged groups". The argument for this view is that there are a limited number of jobs. If we were talking about dockworkers or factory workers maybe that's a point. My argument is that this lacks imagination. Were talking about enabling talent and creativity. The number of opportunities thereby expands to accommodate the extra number of talented people who recognize and pursue them.
That said - whenever you bring this up, probably worth mentioning the important caveat of 'historical injustice'.
For example, some 'underperforming group' may technically have 'equal access' to education, but if their parents are absent, gangs everywhere, no role models, over policed, and become cynical and standoff / thuggish by age 15, and fallen so far behind there's 0% chance of them leveraging supposed educational opportunities ... well ... then is it really 'equal opportunity'?
Definitely one could make economic and plausibly racial arguments.
Second - there are issues of visible representation.
Even if we took 'the most competent and qualified people' to be in US Congress, would it be good if they were 100% Black Women, or 100% Asian Men? Probably not. In some cases 'representation' is a form of 'qualification'.
Similarly for TV readers, some high profile things.
I don't think that it matters that much in private things and the issue is pushed too hard.
...
So we should not be dismissive or lacking in intellectual rigour or even empathy with the issue.
That said, yes, 'forcing equal outcomes' is going to be dystopian.
Also, I fear that it's really easy to push the idea of 'equal outcomes' and it's as 'ugly populist' as 'ultra nationalism / my country first' etc..
It seems possible to put a floor on human suffering without risking other equalities.
For example, we aren't risking the other equalities if we say "nobody in a civilized country should starve" or "nobody should go without basic healthcare."
"THE YEAR WAS 2081, and everybody was finally equal. They weren't only equal before God and the law. They were equal every which way. Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else. All this equality was due to the 211th, 212th, and 213th Amendments to the Constitution, and to the unceasing vigilance of agents of the United States Handicapper General."
I think there's a simpler explanation--one completely overlooked by the authors. Many people are skeptical that the intended effects of government programs seeking to produce equality will be the actual effects. Is racially gerrymandering college admissions or small business loans or vaccine distribution going to produce non-zero sum gains that accrue to everyone? Who knows.
The results in the study can be explained by:
1) Nearly everyone, whether in the minority or the majority, believing that the majority will be harmed; and
2) People in the majority rationally opposing those policies based on that premise and people in the minority rationally supporting those policies based on that premise.
>In todays world it seems equal opportunity, equity.. and equalized outcomes often conflated with one another
Two ways to look at this statement. One, that those who advocate for pro-equity policies are doing the conflation. The other is that those who make that assertion are doing the conflation.
In general, I'd say it's more of the latter. That is, because the measures must necessarily be remunerative, it can give the sense of advantaging the historically disenfranchised at the expense of others. The conclusion is then drawn that this is overly corrective (i.e. inequitable in the other direction), thus equality of outcomes must be the goal.
It's easy to fall victim to this conclusion if you believe that finally implementing equitable rules after, say, 400 years of one group's disenfranchisement truly represents equal opportunity for that group.
You give way too much credit to most humans. Politicians have played to groups in the majority thinking that no matter how bad off they were that by giving “them” equal access and rights that they would be worse off
The ruling class never wants equal rights as a group.
Well, equality of opportunity would sure be a nice start, wouldn’t it?
For real though, “equality of outcome vs equality of opportunity” is a classic example of a false dichotomy. Today’s outcome is tomorrow’s opportunity.
And besides, the whole question is premised on a defective understanding of “fairness”. Justice is not about everyone having an equal amount of stuff, it’s about power.
"Equality" of opportunity itself is a little weird.
If one family emphasizes reading and math and another family emphasizes dance and music, they will provide different (non-equal) opportunities to their children, but one is not necessarily "better".
Humans don't strive for equal opportunity at all. They constantly pull the ladders up that helped them get where they are now and they often ban people from building their own ladders using their own effort.
> I'm having a hard time imagining a society with unequal outcomes but equal opportunity
That is only confusing if you also assume that all people have equal skills, desires, preferences, physical characteristics and so on. They don't and so there is no reason to think that equal opportunities presented to a collection of unique individuals will result in equal outcomes. Instead there will be a unique outcomes based on what the individuals bring to the opportunities.
I'm saying, as another commenter put it, "equality is unstable". Equal opportunity leads to unequal outcomes, unequal outcomes leads to unequal opportunity.
I'm having a hard time understanding what you are trying to say here.
I would assert though that in a world of unique individuals there won't ever be "equal outcomes" regardless of the distribution and nature of opportunities, which is not a statement about how to improve or maximize opportunities.
I would also assert that there is no agreement that "equal outcomes" is a desirable goal nor is it even a well-defined goal.
I agree. I never argue that equal outcomes is possible (the words "equal outcome" never appear in my comment). I argue that even if we have equal opportunities, then we will still get unequal outcomes. I believe we are in agreement on every point.
Statistics exists? Claiming that literally anyone wants every outcome to be equal seems like a strawman. But we should strive for fairly statistically equivalent outcomes, and we aren’t close, even along gender lines.
> But we should strive for fairly statistically equivalent outcomes, and we aren’t close, even along gender lines.
Why do you think this? Why do you think that genders have equal preferences, for example? What about different age groups? The age distribution of various groups is quite different and so that alone will result in different outcomes without any unfair limitations being involved.
What do you propose to do about gender differences in mining, logging, car mechanics, etc.? Are you going to force women to enter those occupations? Why do you think the gender imbalance is evidence of unfairness that needs to be remedied? How much power would you have to give to government in order to achieve "fairly statistically equivalent outcomes" in these cases?
This focus on group "equality" can seemingly only come at the expense of limiting individuals. IMHO we should focus on maximizing individual liberty and not focus on statistical outcomes for groups.
To avoid further use of strawmen, let’s just get very concrete. If a man and a woman voluntarily join the same occupation, and they are in the same percentile when it comes to performance, then they should be paid the same. That is not the case today, even in an industry like tech where genetic differences in strength have no bearing on performance. There are of course many other cromulent examples of gender imbalances in society, and there are other legitimate imbalances related to race, age, class, sexuality, and other factors as well. The reasons for the various imbalances in our society are myriad, but blaming them on some permutation of “the women don’t want to do those jobs” is a little too lazy of a hypothesis for me. I would love to understand how pay equality limits the individual.
> That is not the case today, even in an industry like tech where genetic differences in strength have no bearing on performance.
That's a big claim to make without a citation. And it really doesn't even make a ton of sense given the other factors at play in a modern workforce.
I posit that the majority of employers out there are trying to pay as little to their employees as they can possibly get away with. If women do the same work and I can get away with paying them less, wouldn't the prudent business decision be to hire tons of women and build a culture that women find appealing? And yet somehow most workplaces are male-dominated.
Women are a nuisance, with long absences for child-bearing and time off to take care of needy children and harassment suits and distracting the male employees.
(I don’t feel that way, but we’re not far removed from that being a common sentiment.)
Well certainly EVERYONE doesn't feel the way you have described.
Are there companies out there who are hiring a bunch of women and kicking ass because of it? And if so, why hasn't that success story been told and started propagating in business circles?
There are absolutely lots of companies that have diversity and inclusion programs, and spend lots of money on these issues.
If your metric of success is "What are the successful companies doing" then you have to admit that basically every major corperate environment these days, has diversity programs, so by your own definition, they are important.
Ok great. Then you agree that diversity programs are good and competitive.
That is good enough of a concession to satisfy most people on this topic, no matter how you got to it!
So that's the success story. You demanded a success story, and at the very least, this shows that diversity programs are good and do produce better results, because basically every successful company does then.
You have not argued for why we should strive for this, only exhorted us to do so.
I presume you think striving for statistically equivalent outcomes is good; I think it's pernicious nonsense. Since you haven't bothered making your case, I won't either.
For example, men live on average 5 years less than women. How should we fix this? Massive government expenditure into men's health research and men's occupational safety?
Would that be a bad thing? There are a lot of other negative mortality outcomes linked to demographics so maybe we take a look at those as well. The link between abortion bans and mortality rates for women seems pretty germane in the US at the moment…
Maybe, but if the goal is shrinking the gender lifespan gap, reducing women's mortality would actually make the gap worse. You should focus on reducing men's mortality first, until the gap disappears or reverses, at which point you can start considering women's mortality again.
Let person A practice Chess 2 hours a day.
Let person B practice Chess 2 hours a week.
Person A makes the cut to join the high school Chess team, while Person B doesn't.
Most people would say if both person A and person B had the same opportunity to practice Chess that's sufficient. It seems like you are saying they should both be allowed to join the team. Regardless of the effort they expended.
> Most people would say if both person A and person B had the same opportunity to practice Chess that's sufficient.
What if person A and person B had, in theory, equal opportunity to practice chess, but person B has a whole lot of other things demanding his time and energy due to lower socioeconomic status? Or, what if person B never really considered trying out for the chess team a viable thing, because "people like him" don't become serious chess players?
That's the thing that gets tricky here. Equality of opportunity is a nebulous concept. And to the extent that it's tilted towards some, it tends to stay that way in subsequent years and in subsequent generations.
But putting our finger on the scale to favor those who we are guessing had less opportunity to try and even it out screws up in lots of ways, too.
How do you suggest removing the barriers you describe? It's sensible and easy to remove barriers to trying out for the chess team, but removing all differences in time, energy and socioeconomic status seems much harder, and much easier to veer into a society that is overly prescriptive at nearly even level of humanity.
I hit on that with the last sentence. It's hard, and it's easy to create unfairness the other way. It's also easy to create perceptions that student B only got on the team because they are female, black, poor, or whatever.
At the same time, when student B shows up, and is nearly as good as A despite almost certainly having less chance to practice... maybe B is actually a better talent and will be better overall.
Making qualitative decisions sucks. But sometimes a holistic, qualitative decision captures better what is going on than the strict quantitative "fair" measure. It's all fuzzy and difficult.
I will say, especially with youth: my "fair" measures have been rubbish at predicting performance. Some of the strongest students on my robotics teams and in challenging classes have been the ones that did not look like it on my first measures.
I don't think they should both be allowed to join the team, but if our goal is equal opportunity, then going forward person A is going to have more opportunity and thus we will not achieve our goal of equal opportunity.
I guess I'm saying that unequal outcomes lead to unequal opportunities. "Equal opportunity, not equal outcomes" sounds nice, but it's inherently unstable, because the unequal outcomes will result in unequal opportunities.
I think:
1. It's an impossible ideal, but that's ok. It's not the only impossible ideal.
2. Sometimes, we should just focus on concrete ways we can help equalize opportunities.
3. Sometimes, we can talk about the difficult philosophy behind it all, and probably wont come up with concrete solutions in the process, but it might be a worth while thought exercise.
> Sometimes, we can talk about the difficult philosophy behind it all, and probably wont come up with concrete solutions in the process, but it might be a worth while thought exercise.
The term you're looking for here is Free Will or Determinism, in respect to the State. Different folks have different views on these. Your views seem to place a large weight on Determinism. I personally think Determinism in the State is a philosophical dead end based on the evidence of the last century.
Outcome is not opportunity. Those words are not synonyms.
With equal opportunity people are free to make choices on how they live their lives. With equal outcomes nothing an individual does matters. Failure is as valuable to society as success. We learn what works and what doesn’t.
What is important in a free society is that everyone has a chance to try and that we have adequate safety nets in place so failures aren’t ruinous.
Can you name one desirable outcome that is not also a desirable opportunity? If we draw a Venn diagram of desirable outcomes and desirable opportunities, and they exactly overlap, then what's the difference?
I do agree with everything you said. I think I'm arguing philosophy and you're arguing more concrete economic policies. In realm of policy, I agree with you, in the realm of philosophy, I'm not sure I see a distinct difference between outcome and opportunity (see my first question).
Consider a multitude of people who are going to buy food at a fast food place, and they all have $10 to spend. They all have the same opportunity to buy food there, but the outcomes (the actual items they buy) will likely be very different. If we then decide that "salads are good, meat is bad", then we can start to talk about "inequality of outcomes" with respect to salad eating. But is this really a problem? I would argue it's only a problem if we don't want humans exercising free will, and want to impose our "enlightened" views on them.
I was thinking of "outcomes" in a broader, more meaningful sense. Yes, if one person orders a red bracelet, and another orders a blue bracelet, they both had the opportunity but got different color bracelets. Is that a different "outcome"? I guess so, but it's not quite what I was referring to in my question.
To continue your example, I think the outcome of the people's meals would be how the meal makes them feel. This is a real outcome rather than the illustrative "salad good, meat bad" dimension you propose. The people who ordered healthy food feel more energetic, and thus they have more opportunities for several hours, because they have energy while their colleagues are bloated and lethargic. Their equal opportunity resulted in unequal outcomes, which resulted in unequal opportunity.
So, I'm still seeking a desirable outcome (beyond red bracelet / blue bracelet, and "salad good, meat bad") which does not also increase opportunity. My original question remains.
So on the one hand we have diversity which is touted as a strength because people of different backgrounds bring a wider range of experiences to produce the best results.
But also...
Somehow those otherwise impactful differences have ZERO bearing on someone's interest in (or even aptitude for) specific career paths?
This is only true if preferences are equal as well.
Say group X prefers job 1 to job 2 by a 3:2 ratio, and group Y prefers job 2 to job 1 by a 3:2 ratio. Assume that equality of opportunity exists, and equal numbers and qualifications of both groups X and Y.
The expected outcome is that the X:Y ratios would be 3:2 in job 1 and 2:3 in job 2.
If job 1 pays more than job 2, then the "equality of pay" outcome is not achieved. Group X is paid more than group Y.
I think outcome is more like opportunity + luck. Identical twins are a great example, plenty of pairs grow up in nearly exactly equivalent environments but still have radically different outcomes in life. Like a Galton Board ('Plinko')[1], seemingly identical balls (people) can start from exactly the same position, but the indiscernible differences in their makeup combined with the exponential chaos of the branching pegs (life) mean they often end up in completely different places.
I haven't looked at the article yet. I'm guessing: Men are paid more, because they work in more dangerous areas, work longer hours, and are less often primarily responsible for caregiving.
---
Ok, I read it, and pretty much nailed it, but the other factor is that men tend to drive faster, and so simply complete more rides in the same amount of time.
None of the factors explaining the 7% pay gap seem to have anything to do with (a) Uber or (b) Customers. It's all seems to be based on choices by the driver.
This is my point - here is a clear example where equality of opportunity not resulting in equality of outcome, which should imply that inequality of outcome does not necessarily mean unequal opportunity.
Outcome is at least the combination of opportunity and desire.
The fact that i graduated as a software engineer says nothing about my other opportunities that i _chose_ not to persue. At scale i can see those effects averaging out somewhat, but i see no evidence that a a fully egalitarian society would produce entirely representative outcomes across all subgroups/occupations.
But I wonder just how much equalization of "opportunity" would be needed to reach an acceptable equality of outcome.
As an extreme example, could it go so far as to prevent some parents from passing on their values to their children?
E.g. if being of a certain religious viewpoint was negatively correlated with whatever measure of "outcome" was currently in vogue, would equality of opportunity mean barring its adherents from having or adopting kids?
Which is why there is a visceral pushback - if a parents struggles in providing a better life for their children don’t actually inure to the children, what’s the point (I.e. if I scrimp and save to send my kid to test prep-training to get her into a better high school, and only to have her be handicapped because of her advantage (my sacrifice) won’t that drive resentment, nihilism etc?)
Many colleges put courses up online for free. There is a huge opportunity for people who want to put the time in to get a very high quality education (not degree, but an education) by using these resources. Same thing with the knowledge available in libraries. Some people take advantage of these resources in incredible ways. You'll find people who taught themselves to be a software engineer using only free online sources, etc. However there are many people who are not successful software engineers despite having equal opportunity though access to all the same resources.
I think when the distinction is made it's because people are imagining that those who work harder will have better outcomes than those who don't, even when given equal opportunity.
Working hard isn't sufficient, you also have to work smart and invest in your future. If you spend 80 hours a week mowing grass, or raking leaves, or shoveling snow (season dependent), then you are working very hard. But if that's all you do you will not amount to very much relative to a more lucrative occupation.
> Working hard isn't sufficient, you also have to work smart and invest in your future.
What does "invest in your future" mean? I think a good definition would be "increasing your future opportunities". Given that definition, what you're saying is that a good outcome also requires having opportunities. Another example of how outcome and opportunity are deeply intertwined.
You operate on the assumption that the choice is between "work 80 hours per week" or "starve and be homeless." You have painted a false dichotomy and that destructive mindset is _exactly why_ people get stuck in shitty situations.
There is more than enough opportunity in the USA for someone to be born with relatively little and work their way up to a middle-class lifestyle EASILY. Many people do.
I'm not sure I fully agree here. I think for me some level of equality of outcome is what I think would be best. Not complete equality perhaps, but a tolerance band of maximum acceptable inequality of outcome perhaps.
Let me elaborate. I think there should be a minimum level of outcome that every single person in the world should be able to attain with minimal or even zero individual effort. This level should cover basic human rights, plus the ability to live a safe healthy life. For example, the ability to afford food, water, shelter, full quality medical care, clothing, heating, safety, education, childcare, local transport, and having some money left over for entertainment, etc, perhaps some other basics I've forgotten. I would be happy to live in a society that had these things definied as clearly basic minimum requirements and no matter how badly any individual messed up their choices, or even just felt particularly lazy and just decided to stay in bed all day the society would always provide this base minimum level that everyone had available to them, guaranteed. It should be enough to provide for a safe and mostly worry free life. But not so high as to discourage most people from wanting to put in greater effort for greater rewards.
On the other end of the scale, I would be equally happy if there was some maximum level of wealth, beyond which no matter the effort put in no further personal gains could be made. I wouldn't like to guess what level that would be to make sense, although I'm reasonable sure that the existence of billionaires is pretty unnecessary. A progressive tax that at some point around a billon pounds just reaches 100% marginal taxation rate. If you earn further wealth beyond that you are just required to give it all to society.
Let's just say for the sake of argument that my described minimum level was assessed to cost £50k per person per year, and at the top end we were to decide to cap total personal wealth at £1b. What we've done there is introduce a maximum permitted inequality of outcome of 20000x. That is, the poorest person in our society can at the most extreme be at most 20000 times poorer than the wealthiest. This isn't total equality of outcome, we aren't saying everyone has to have exactly equal wealth, just that no matter the difference in opportunity or effort, there is a proscribed limit on the level of inequality.
I think this society would be a much better one to live in. Everyone would be happier knowing that even if things didn't go their way, there are some basics they would never need to worry about.
Equally, once you pass a billion pound wealth, are you really motivated by making more £££ anyway, I don't think it should be an issue for society to pressure those wealthiest individuals to seek other motivation rather than just continuing to generate personal wealth.
(Just to note, I fully understand the difficulty of actually implementing a wealth tax that works like the one I described, I know that taxing income and wealth are different and it would be nigh on impossible to do what I'm suggesting. I'm merely using this extreme example as a way to discuss the idea that some level of equality of outcome is good in my view)
it's largely because when people claim the opportunities are the same even though the outcomes are different, they're lying. So, you just cut to the chase and try to improve the outcomes.
> many humans see equalized outcomes as more a dystopian nightmare
That's not correct.
First: even in conditions of equal opportunities, outcomes almost always include a percentage of randomness.
Practically all developed societies understand that and employ forms of progressive taxation and wealth redistribution. This is widely supported by economists except few fringe libertarian extremists.
Second: difference in outcomes are seen as justified only within reasonable ranges.
Polls show that people find acceptable for top performers across various jobs to earn 2x, 3x, 10x the average income. Not 10000x.
Because it's not 10 000x harder to manage SpaceX than Joe's Plumbing. Sure the compensation should reflect in some way the effort and difficulty. But these earning ratios between the top and bottom or big and small are out of whack. Parent points out that they don't mesh with people's sense of 'right' either.
If Musk drives SpaceX into the ground, he will be hated universally and possibly jailed, given how much the U.S. now relies on his technology for access to space.
If Joe drives his plumbing Co to the ground, he likely won't make it to the local evening news, much less be infamous forever, across the entire planet.
Disagree and we can do better than traditional vague tribal gossip with data.
Polls tell us clearly the public would prefer equality of condition with regard to health, education, and access to food of nutritional substance, by their support for policy that enables agency to those ends.
What they don’t care about is policy providing everyone TVs and McMansions.
We can be a bit more specific than the hand wavy, traditional narratives. How much less duplication of effort is there if stability and a casual life is available to the masses keeping truly useful work moving along and not mired down in administrative matters because people need to compete for jobs?
We don’t know because we can’t try. Tacitly making our system unfalsifiable.
When asked privately, opinions diverge wildly from public consensus. No one wants to publicly be the person who blinks.
You can’t simply declare a zero-sum situation to not be, and then expect your study participants to believe you.
That’s what this study did:
> In studies 1 to 5, participants read various equality-enhancing policies that would provide additional resources (e.g., salary and jobs) to a disadvantaged group (e.g., Latino Americans, people with a disability, women, and ex-felons) without changing the resources provided to the advantaged ingroup (e.g., white Americans, people without a disability, men, and non-felons).
Where, exactly, does the money to pay for their additional salary and jobs come from?
In an imaginary situation where the total money supply is distributed (unevenly) across all citizens, then yes, the situation is technically zero-sum.
But that’s not really how things work. Between investments, purchasing power, ability to afford higher quality goods, etc. the wealthy have significant additional advantages that make the system far from zero-sum.
But even in the imaginary setup, it’s non-linear in terms of quality of life. That is, wealth redistribution can have a huge positive effect on the poor and an insignificant negative effect on the wealthy.
Resource redistribution is pretty zero sum in reality. Investments are kinda gray, they (usually) have long term positive gains, but come with short-term costs and opportunity costs.
I don't know what "the wealthy have [...] advantages that make the system far from zero-sum" is supposed to mean or how purchasing power is supposed to factor into this.
You can say that redistributing resources is just despite that, but the author framing it as a 'win-win' situation that advantaged groups are just too ableist/racist/sexist to accept is absurd.
To be clear, I’m not defending the study, but rather the notion that the situation is zero-sum.
> I don't know what "the wealthy have [...] advantages that make the system far from zero-sum"
I list examples of two positive-sum advantages for those with significant capital:
1. capital control enables collection of value from production. You might say that advantage comes with risk and is therefore it balances out. But the opportunity to invest in the first place is an advantage, and if done wisely, the risk of investment negatively impacting quality of life can be minimized.
2. Positive feedback effects of having capital, such as buying a more reliable car which ultimately saves you money.
“Purchasing power” was the wrong wording. I meant something closer to “leverage”.
In a supply constrained economy (which USA currently is, can see this from inflation), the supply of goods is zero sum. The government printing more money and giving to other people makes the money you have worth less, so even if the government gave you as much money as before you will now effectively get less from the government.
The "economy is not zero sum" argument comes from other parts. If you work harder and produce more goods than before, then that is not zero sum, since you added goods and therefore didn't reduce the worth of others money. But this is a very different scenario.
Also agree that production isn’t zero-sum. But those with capital can extract value from production through investments, making capital accrual a compounding advantage.
Quantitative easing is an irrelevant bandaid. What's your answer to preventing people from amassing ever greater division of labor coupons that they don't need?
Ah yes the mythical government monery printing fairytale. Have you ever considered that negative yields are normal and that money cannot reprrsent negative yields directly and therefore must let the unit of account change as the bandaid for what is simply a technical problem?
Oh right I also forgot that people have an inherent desire to lie to themselves. They would rather see the value of their money erode without their knowledge than see their money disappear (at a slower rate) but maintain its value.
By the way. A lot of economic activity appears to just monetize what is or was already there. Like hoe real estate keeps getting more expensive.
Sorry to burst your bubble but money is very unevenly distributed and it is usually distributed away from where it is needed the most because the economic system is set up to subsidize the owning class. Because the rich are powerful interest groups they get to vote money into their pockets redistributing money away from the general population who then demands money into its pockets via welfare to cancel out the unfairness.
You could argue that the rich are bribing the government to get more money and then the government must bribe the rest of the population so they look away from an obviously morally questionable political system.
Why does this matter? Jobs are not a fixed pie of resources; productive jobs will pay for their own salary. Providing prioritized job training to those expected to benefit the most from it - which may well include Latino Americans, people with a disability, women, and ex-felons - can easily create jobs out of nothing.
While productive jobs will pay for their own salary, any business is still operating with a fixed amount of resources and thus a set number of employees it can hire for the time. Therefore (high paying) jobs are in fact a zero sum resource
The Fed and Congress are still beholden to the actual economy, the gods of prices will ruthlessly sprinkle inflation all over if there is too much fairy dust in the hands of people.
In the actual actual economy, the magic castle buys almost half of the Treasury bonds issued by the government; and when you give free money to people who can't meet all their basic needs, they spend all of it, which causes a cascade throughout the economy of taxable transactions, which reimburses the government for most if not all of the money it laid out.
Yes, that's why people who harp about debt-to-GDP ratio are usually ignorant of the fiscal multiplier. That said not all spending is the same. Spending on reforms or infrastructure that people benefit from (so things that help to make structural changes in the economy eg. by decreasing income inequality) has a large fiscal multiplier, spending on yet another useless thing (let's say paying Amazon - by giving it a tax break - to move its HQ from A to B) does nothing.
Meanwhile here in the actual actual world, we've seen that inflation is caused by wars and botched pandemic responses, not taking care of disadvantaged people.
... I'm not exactly sure what are you trying to communicate. I'm absolutely for spending more on things that help disadvantaged people, but still, fundamentally that means more people needed to work helping disadvantaged people and less everywhere else to avoid inflation. (See NAIRU.)
There was already a pretty serious inflation in many places that did pretty serious lockdowns (for example Germany), well before the war.
And since the developed economies are very intertwined it's no surprise that the CPI curve for the US looks very similar.
And the likely causes are:
- the shift of spending from services to products during the pandemic
- plus overloaded the logistics networks which further increases costs
- the unexpectedly large stimulus bills
- not enough people getting the vaccine in time & no new vaccine version released to target new variants (so boosters are becoming less and less effective)
> I'm not exactly sure what are you trying to communicate.
When I read your response to my post, my Spidey Sense warned me that you might be trying to use the excuse for not helping the disadvantaged that is always trotted out... that we can't afford it. I tried to point out that the opposite is the case, that we can't afford not to help, and your mention of inflation is a red herring.
> more people needed to work helping disadvantaged people and less everywhere else to avoid inflation.
Don't need to hire people. Just send money on the magic castle's flying carpet. Extra credit: see Affordable Care Act, whose opponents swore would trigger massive inflation
> There was already a pretty serious inflation in many places that did pretty serious lockdowns
Pandemic response was a multidimensional challenge that went beyond lockdowns, and was botched in many of those dimensions.
> the shift of spending from services to products
Dunno about this, seems to me that much of product inflation was due to
> overloaded... logistics networks
Botched pandemic response
> unexpectedly large stimulus bills
Size was not the problem, but distribution. Botched pandemic response
there's a lot of slack in a lot of publicly funded sectors (from education, defense spending, research to various other social programs), where ACA style laws could help cut out rent-seeking intermediaries/vendors/other-artificial-bottlenecks (for example a pretty large chunk of public spending is going for buildings, their maintenance, transportation, energy costs, and so on, which all are high because of bad/missing/inefficient infrastructure, which is kept in that way because by lobbying and other kinds of selfishness)
but simply increasing the money supply and giving money to people to spend on healthcare will push prices up. (which also immediately means that the money that was just handed over to someone who needed to buy healthcare services gets less of it.)
just like you keep saying botched response... I keep saying botched spending :) yes, both can be true at the same time.
"Where, exactly, does the money to pay for their additional salary and jobs come from?"
From the first paragraph of the Introduction to the article:
"Racial inequality costs the U.S. economy an estimated $16 trillion in lost gross domestic product (GDP), failing to hire job seekers with a criminal history results in an annual loss of $78 billion in U.S. GDP, and the persistent gender pay gap restrains the global economy by about $160 trillion"
Those are extremely bold claims — the assertion that disagreement is a misperception even more so.
Is it a misperception of reality that I believe their proposals would decrease overall economic efficiency, not increase it?
The situations they presented are zero-sum. To believe otherwise, you’d have to share their (unsupported, unstated-to-participants) premise that resulting efficiency gains would offset the additional cost that came out of your own pocket to enforce equality of outcome.
US GDP is about a quarter of that, about 24T. So an estimated reduction in efficiency of 40% (40T -> 24T). Seems high, but maybe not laughably so, to me
digging down to the cited source on US GDP point, honestly seems pretty reasonable
> We discover that closing racial gaps is a pareto improvement to both the U.S. economy and society. If racial gaps for Blacks had been closed 20 years ago, U.S. GDP could have benefitted by an estimated $16 trillion. If we close gaps today, the equivalent add to the U.S. economy over the next five years could be $5 trillion of additional GDP, or an average add of 0.35 percentage points to U.S. GDP growth per year and 0.09 percentage points to global GDP growth per year.
> If racial gaps for Blacks had been closed 20 years ago
A gap is an interval, meaning a spread of outcomes is inevitable in narrowing.
This statement assumes the gap to be closed by raising Black wealth to that of Whites. That's sloppy.
What if the gap is closed by bringing both populations to the median? What if the gap is closed by bringing both populations down to the Black standard?
All three of these are equality of outcome. If there's an argument why the best of these outcomes should be presumed, it hasn't been made.
Failing to hire cats costs the economy another $2.5 quadrillion, and failing to employ birds - $450 quadrillion. The good thing is nobody can disprove these claims.
1) Resources provided to the advantage grouped may not be utilized effectively. You can reallocate the crates without anyone in the advantaged group noticing
2) Resources invested in the future can be done so to remove systemic barriers that lead to disadvantages. Next time the fence needs maintenance or replacement, just replace it with one that doesn't need crates
3) Another way to say #2 is if you commit to EVALUATING the status quo and trying to understand the reasons for inequality (as opposed to just assuming that the world is inherently hierarchical and just which is the more traditionalist approach), you can identify policies that exist that continue to perpetuate disadvantages. And that if you just remove them, you will reveal additional resources. (e.g. stop sentencing certain races more harsher for the same crimes as other races)
What I envision in the 4th panel is that less people want to pay to sit at the benches, the players get paid less, players leave for other opportunities, and downward spiral starts. Eventually there are no more professional games because there are no money to support it.
Perhaps I am too pessimistic, but I think even with healthcare or housing when the barrier is broken down the system would segregate into two. A public option (no/little barrier) and a luxury (pay to play) option. Which in this analogy is analogous to another ballpark for professional baseball teams being built with taller fences and more expensive tickets.
People propose hypothetical situations as part of a question all the time and then you're asked to try and come up with an appropriate answer for that situation. Opting to discard the hypothetical and answer based on your worldview is of course something you're free to do.
You really can't conceive of any possible way that disadvantaged groups could be given more resources? Have you heard of gold mines? Oil wells? Stock markets? Resources are "created" all the time. A harsh and immediate refusal to even consider a hypothetical scenario like this indicates a lack of imagination on your part, not a failure on the part of the researchers.
> People propose hypothetical situations as part of a question all the time and then you're asked to try and come up with an appropriate answer for that situation. Opting to discard the hypothetical and answer based on your worldview is of course something you're free to do.
Nobody is discarding the hypothetical, just confronting the unstated and unsupported assumptions upon which it is predicated.
> You really can't conceive of any possible way that disadvantaged groups could be given more resources?
As an aside — membership in groups based on race, gender, or disability says nothing about an individual’s disadvantage.
Resource redistribution based on identity group is, in of itself, an inherently biased and discriminatory proposal.
> Resources are "created" all the time.
… and inequitably distributing newly created resources disadvantages the identity groups you choose to selectively marginalize.
> A harsh and immediate refusal to even consider a hypothetical scenario like this indicates a lack of imagination on your part, not a failure on the part of the researchers.
My imagination is quite capable of encompassing what the researchers believe about their hypotheticals, and why they’re wrong.
My imagination is further capable of encompassing why they believe that the disagreement of the majority of their study subjects represents a misperception of reality, as opposed to a recognition of the flaws inherent in both their ideology and work.
Imagine a society where people born in March are discriminated against. People are reluctant to give them jobs, pay them less, don't want them as tenants etc.
Do you believe the people born in the other eleven months would do better in such a society?
If that example isn't obvious enough, imagine removing the state of Colorado from the US. Is that good for Illinois?
Obviously not, because, on average, people contribute as much as they take (by definition). For every job-taker, there is a consumer spending enough to make that job worthwhile. Removing people for arbitrary reasons just shrinks the economy.
It seems like it would be good for non-March people, I'm not sure why the opposite is "obvious". For example if you're applying for an apartment and the other potential tenant is born in March, you'd an advantage even if you have a lower credit score- assuming we live in our current supply-constrained world, where housing is very zero-sum.
For a more extreme example, think of a situation where everyone born in March is sold into servitude, but only people born in February are allowed to own them. Is this good for people born in March? Obviously not. Is it good for people born in February? Absolutely, they'd be able to financially benefit from their newfound privilege. Is it good for people born in the other 10 months? Probably not, people born in March would skew the market for remaining jobs
> Imagine a society where people born in March are discriminated against. People are reluctant to give them jobs, pay them less, don't want them as tenants etc.
> Do you believe the people born in the other eleven months would do better in such a society?
Having an exploitable underclass can absolutely improve the standing of the rest of a society.
Whether it’s a long-term advantage depends on whether the cost (ethical, and lost contributions of the marginalized subclass) exceeds the benefits.
This also has no relevance to the study; what you’re asking involves questions of equality of opportunity, not attempting to engineer equality of outcome.
> If that example isn't obvious enough, imagine removing the state of Colorado from the US.
Makes you think how much better would the social science studies be if they hired more diverse (i.e. not only left wing progressive) scientists who could point out those errors and inconsistencies to the authors of the paper.
Alternatively, maybe they are better educated and clearly understand the nuances of the field more than some random internet forum poster like yourself.
>Where, exactly, does the money to pay for their additional salary and jobs come from?
A group of billionares? Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy?
You're making the study's point by arguing that helping one group must be a zero sum game that harms another group, even when a hypothetical situation explicitly states otherwise. You just can't get it out of your head. That's how strong the bias is.
It really is the entire point of the study. Ironic.
> A group of billionares? Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy?
How do you propose to allocate your newly found resources in a way that is not zero-sum?
That's impossible.
Furthermore, if you're proposing to follow the study authors' hypotheticals, and distribute on the basis of sex, race, etc, such distribution would be inherently biased and discriminatory.
The only rational conclusion is the one held by the majority here on YC, the majority of study participants, and myself: the authors are either lying or confused, the hypotheticals are zero-sum, and whatever identity groups that the authors think deserve to be marginalized (men, "white" people, etc) will lose out in their hypothetical resource distribution schemes.
> It really is the entire point of the study. Ironic.
The only thing the study proved that is you start by treating their errant false assumptions as fact, the intended result follows.
>The only rational conclusion is the one held by the majority here on YC.
Not sure when you conducted this survey, but your entire comment directly supports the study by professing exactly the false beliefs it describes. You just call these false beliefs "true" which is, of course, the point.
> Where, exactly, does the money to pay for their additional salary and jobs come from?
Why does anyone pay anyone else to do work for them? If this situation was actually zero-sum, then employees would get paid for a while until companies ran out of money, and then no one would ever get paid again. Fortunately, this is not a zero-sum situation, and people pay other people to do work in order to produce more value for the people paying for the work than they pay for the work.
For example, if I pay you $50 to put together $50 worth of components into a phone, I then go and sell that phone for more than $100. You get $50, whoever sold me the components gets $50, I get my sell price - $100 for the phone, and whoever buys it gets a shiny new phone. Everybody wins.
And it goes further! Everyone who made money takes their money and spends it on things other people have produced via their hard work -- or they invest it with some people for those people to try to make something more of that investment. Or they sit on it and spend it later, because they don't know what they want to spend it on right now. Whatever they do, the entire economy gets some action... eventually.
But let's say I'm kind of racist and sexist and biased in all kinds of ways and not necessarily aware of all the ways in which I'm biased, aka an actual human being. Then I might decide not to even consider hiring some people, because I think they wouldn't be able to do the work, when in reality they might do just fine, but my biases are getting the better of me. Then I might not hire as many people, and so I wouldn't pay as many workers to make phones, and I wouldn't pay for as many phone components, and I wouldn't sell as many phones. Now I am poorer, and the component seller is poorer, and the person I didn't hire is poorer, and someone out there doesn't get a phone. And the economy sees a little less influx of activity from everything we might have done and ended up not doing. Everyone is worse off.
But! If some policies are put in place to encourage me (somehow) to hire people that I might not normally consider due to my biases, then I might change my mind, and everyone wins more again.
So where does the money come from? I might be hanging onto some, hoping to hire some people, but I'm not spending as much as I would if I was hiring people I'm biased against. Or maybe some other companies besides mine hire more people that often face bias, and those companies expand and produce more and their new employees spend more buying all kinds of things (including the stuff my company makes), so my company gets buoyed up and now I have cash to spend to hire more people too. Or maybe I see the policy changes and decide I want to expand my business, so I seek out some investment or take out a loan.
The reason equality -enhancing policies are beneficial to everyone is that they make the total market bigger, faster. Money in a healthy economy doesn't run out and disappear; it flows. And if it flows productively to people who are currently relatively neglected in this regard, then everyone ends up better off, including the people who are not neglected in this regard.
> If this situation was actually zero-sum, then employees would get paid for a while until companies ran out of money, and then no one would ever get paid again.
You may not have noticed it but you just described an economic depression. During a depression people build up excessive amounts of savings which then aren't being spent, that money is quite literally missing from the economy. Companies eventually run out of money and fire their employees. As idle production capacity is being removed the cost of goods goes up again and those savers saved for nothing. So now you have this boom and bust cycle nonsense.
> Racial inequality costs the U.S. economy an estimated $16 trillion in lost gross domestic product (GDP)
The entirety of US GDP is about $21 trillion. Based on that, this just looks implausible.
> "According to a recent report, in 2018, White homebuyers received roughly $386.4 billion in mortgage loans from banks, while Latino homebuyers only received around $12.6 billion in mortgage loans overall"
So in the "descriptions of the disparity" given to the participants, they don't even bother to normalize by population.
> "Several banks propose increasing the total amount of mortgage loans to Latino homebuyers by $7.3 billion and not changing the total amount of mortgage loan funding to White homebuyers"
They use this as both an example of an "equality-enhancing policy", which doesn't "harm advantaged groups". But they are misrepresenting this as a Pareto improvement. Changing the amount of loans offered obviously effects the price of homes. Inflation be damned.
This explains the refusal to set aside some Ivy League admissions for non-Jewish whites - Asian and Jewish students misperceive that they would be harmed, and so they prevent it. For reference, the non-international student body of the Ivy League, circa 2019 (source: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30338742):
Ivy League US ratio mean SAT*
Jewish 17.2% 2.4% 7.16 n/a
Asian 19.6% 5.3% 3.71 1216
White (incl. Jewish) 50.3% 61.5% 0.82 1148
Hispanic 11.4% 17.6% 0.65 1043
Black 7.8% 12.7% 0.61 966
White (non-Jewish) 33.1% 59.1% 0.56 ~1141
On the other hand, the study defined "advantaged group" very differently. I wonder if this would affect their results? They should do a follow-up study and compare.
*Source: https://www.ednc.org/eraceing-inequities-the-influence-of-ra... - estimate for non-Jewish white SAT calculated by assuming the Jewish score is a generous 200 points higher, and adjusting that they are only ~4% of all white students. I.e. the true value is likely closer to 1148.
While Asian students benefit greatly from their 173- and 250-point leads over Hispanic and Black students, non-Jewish whites are, bizarrely, not helped at all by 98- and 175-point leads over those groups.
How on earth are they "misperceiving" anything? If Jews were considered Jews and not white they wouldn't be 17.2% of the Ivy League. They'd go back to being discriminated against as in the past and as Asians are currently.
The solution to this is so simple. If you must institute affirmative action, stop considering "advantaged groups". Only consider ethnicity when it helps the application. So consider ethnicity for black, Hispanic, Native Americans, Pacific Islanders, etc. Don't consider it for Asians, whites, Jews, and so on.
This strategy will still hurt non-disadvantaged people but the impact will be spread across all ethnicities that are doing fine rather than focused almost entirely on Asians.
Given that something like 6-7 of the 8 Ivy League presidents are Jewish (according to their wikipedia pages), and how underrepresented non-Jewish whites are at the Ivies - why not? Or, let me ask another way: how much fewer non-Jewish whites would the Ivies have to have, before you would consider them disadvantaged (for Ivy attendance)? They are 33% now, so.. maybe when they're just 20%, one in five? Or 10%? Would that be low enough?
I don't consider white Americans disadvantaged for reasons that are not empirical. I similarly consider black Americans and Native Americans (and to a lesser extent Hispanic Americans) disadvantaged for reasons that are not empirical.
In my perfect world there would be no affirmative action. All this stuff would be race and gender blind. But if we have to have affirmative action, we should only consider ethnicity when it helps the applicant.
What inequality would you be adjusting for by reserving spots for non-Jewish whites?
Especially if it means taking away spots from Asians and Jewish kids, given that both of those groups have historically dealt with biases their entire lives (Asians much more-so than Jewish kids)?
Or people are used to being lied to about "equality" initiatives and their effects. There's a finite number of spots at any given university, company, etc. Favoring one demographic inherently means disfavoring another, no matter what lying advocates claim to the contrary.
The mistake is thinking that there's some objective and correct way to measure eligibility for these finite spots. The reality is much more complicated; there are way more people who would be successful at an Ivy League school than there are slots available for those people. Whoever you pick, every one of them will kick ass, so it's not really about making sure everyone is qualified, it's about making sure the people who are qualified for your school and not qualified for other opportunities (because racism, caste) get their shot.
The whole point is finding the qualified people for whom this is as close to their only shot as possible, and giving them that shot. Poor minorities are more often those people than wealthy white kids, because the white kids will land on their feet.
The poor minority kid might be the first in his family to go to college, might have only had enough money to apply to one or two schools, and if college doesn't work out for them, they're basically screwed.
This was my thought - opportunities are limited. So if you are talking about equality of outcome and one group is over-represented, you are talking about policies that hurt their group. The most obvious example being that you have to hurt Asians if you want to change demographics at Harvard. There are only so many slots open.
If there are 8 demographics and you boost one, you're not "disfavoring another". You've raised one and the other 7 are all even with each other (theoretically) like they were before. If things were originally skewed unintentionally, you may have actually evened things out.
"Finite number of spots" is also kind of a faulty assumption. There are many cases where you can adjust how many spots you have available if you make more intelligent decisions about resource allocation or are willing to make junior hires that cost less than senior ones and train them up.
>If there are 8 demographics and you boost one, you're not "disfavoring another".
If the situation is zero-sum, then you absolutely have. Your post is exhibit #254,689,472,096,776 of people lying about this, and other people have caught on.
>There are many cases where you can adjust how many spots you have available if you make more intelligent decisions about resource allocation or are willing to make junior hires that cost less than senior ones and train them up.
So let's say instead of an Asian senior dev making $180k a year, you now have a (different) Asian junior dev and a Black junior dev making $90k. That doesn't disadvantage the Asian who would have been a senior dev making $180k? Preposterous.
You're presuming a zero-sum situation without specifying that. Plenty of situations are not zero-sum and it's disingenuous to pretend otherwise.
> So let's say instead of an Asian senior dev making $180k a year, you now have a (different) Asian junior dev and a Black junior dev making $90k. That doesn't disadvantage the Asian who would have been a senior dev making $180k? Preposterous.
Why are you presuming the Asian developer has to take a pay cut? I never specified that.
Ok this one is long and has many many dimensions to try to understand the veracity of (without assuming you know what its referring to).
The conclusion though is something I’ve noticed as well and matches the title. This is exacerbated by the very people arguing for equality, they lose support of would-be supporters in the majority groups by misdefining privilege. Causing resentment by would-be supporters who feel their valid struggles are neglected and invalidated.
If you tell someone who grew up homeless or borderline homeless with a single parent who occasionally starved themselves for several days in a row so the kids could eat that they’re privileged because they’re white don’t be surprised if they’re less inclined to be your ally.
Absolutely. “Privilege” and “guilt” based on inherited characteristics is a horrible thing regardless of who it’s applied to. We should’ve learned this lesson several times last century.
Eh, there's no doubt that white people in America enjoy a certain privilege, all other things being equal when compared to non-whites. However, that privileges diminishes substantially as one descends the economic ladder, until at the bottom most rungs whatever "white privilege" exists is almost entirely washed out by all the other variables causing misery and suffering, in general.
the misdefined version of privilege is meant as “lack of some additional distractions” but the word is ambiguously paraded around as “everything handed out to people who are guided to use it all perfectly”
and that latter usage definitely loses supporters from the voting bloc that could do anything about it
> an advantage that only one person or group of people has, usually because of their position or because they are rich:
eg.
> * Healthcare should be a right, not a privilege.
> * Senior management enjoy certain privileges, such as company cars and health insurance.
Privilege means special advantage. Not “default” behaviour. Which is why it’s very difficult to be told a person is advantaged when they do not feel that they are.
right, which is why its the wrong word to describe the former.
I guess the sad part here is that many influential people promulgating the term "privilege" actually believe(d) that was relevant amorphously to all white people, who as a class theoretically enjoy(ed) some certain privileges (such as moving to Oregon, not being conscripted as a slave, access to credit), but as individuals did not necessarily become beneficiaries of them.
And as the relevance of those extreme explicitly codified exclusions disintegrated, it moved to hyperbole - an exaggerated reality that ignores class based inequality. But with such heavy segregation many people believe the exaggerations.
and finally, some academics are trying to retcon what the word "privilege" means by incorporating additional information that imposes a different interpretation on previously described events, retconning is typically used to facilitate a dramatic plot shift or account for an inconsistency.
how do we make this more obvious to people? I think there is a wide degree of support for programs that would disproportionately support disenfranchised people, as long as they are acknowledging its more of a class system now (and includes people of all race/ethnicities/colors in the program). And that's not the direction things currently are going, with the wrong words being used. Many would-be supporters are instead believing that there is an organized movement and threat to exclude them, as a form of payback, which is such an ironic and huge distraction, all from a failure to communicate. To that, I would just say its not organized.
Its just such a large potential population of support. "disproportionately affecting minorities" still leaves extremely large numbers of white people affected. whether its poverty, university admissions, dubious assaults and killings by law enforcement, domestic violence.
Many Americans understand slavery through color, though this view is US-centric. European history indicates slavery was theft of people when the opportunity was available. See "From Baltimore to Barbary: the 1631 sack of Baltimore".
https://www.historyireland.com/from-baltimore-to-barbary-the...
>>> more of a class system now
That is a useful perspective on the current issues faced by poor in US.
That was a very fascinating read, I'm not sure what it adds here. The US slave trade was color based. The colonies slave trade was through color. And anybody that studies north American slavery without being censored by their state is very aware that north american slavery morphed into a color based one in the 1600s. Every example I gave was 200 years after your example, far after this institution was enshrined as color based ones and extremists were trying to enshrine the US as a land for the white european race where possible. This level of enlightnment is unfortunately a distraction and deflection for what this land deals with now: 400 years of color based disenfranchisement that leaves a class-based disenfranchisements with a seemingly 90% correlation to color.
If you're interested in this topic I would suggest continuing to study it.
Yes as your article mentions, the "Barbary" slave trade was briefly bigger than the transatlantic slave trade, so what happened? Why did the obsession with subsaharan Africans prevail?
I couldn’t possibly agree more with everything you’ve said here.
I’ll only add that a lot of the class issues that affect white people seem to disproportionately affect black people, which is why a lot of “black issues” are shared with poor white people too, though certainly not all.
The men/woman thing is much more nuanced than that though.
Privileged doesn't mean easy. Even if you're poor and white, you will never be judged by a potential landlord, store security employee, or taxi driver on the basis of your skin. You may have a tough life for all sorts of other reasons, but that won't be one of your problems, and that is a form of privilege.
That abuses the word "privilege" to the point of making it useless to communicate the point you're (likely) trying to make (which I agree with, if it's what I think it is) effectively in general.
Agreed, this is an obtuse non-consensus definition that is conflated by disenfranchised, the beneficiaries of this phenomenon, activists, and casual onlookers.
Is there another word to convey this concept more universally?
That's assuming, despite mountains of evidence to the contrary (exhibit 1 is all of blue check Twitter), that there are no people out there who discriminate against white people.
Yet asking while spitting someone in the face is not going to work well either. If your base principle is that the other person is privileged scum (even though there might be some truth to that in some cases), there's not really anywhere to go from there. Unless you're willing to go for violent revolution of course, but it should be fairly easy to understand that is not generally going to make the other sympathetic to your cause.
Fair enough, some defenestration needs to happen every once in a while, but being divisive and going for open war might not be the best long-term strategy from a societal context, as opposed to some consensus and common goals.
It's amazing how quickly you got downvoted. Feelings will be hurt.
In any case, the abstract reads funny to me:
"Nine preregistered studies (n = 4197) demonstrate that advantaged group members misperceive equality as necessarily harming their access to resources and inequality as necessarily benefitting them."
Can we really blame exceptionally selfish people for not wanting to give up anything in a world where not everyone can live like a king at the expense of the vast majority? We only have one planet and they know it.
Pretty weak, tendentious study mainly designed to flatter the experimenter's priors.
Doesn't compare "advantaged" group (here assumed to simply be "white (non-Hispanic)") to any others.
Claims to find "misperceptions" when a reasonable-person real-world interpretation of any of the questions, even if they are designed to exclude any loss to the respondents' category, will necessarily apply assumptions about resource-limitations.
For example, one example given in the text is a proposed policy, “Several banks propose increasing the total amount of mortgage loans to Latino homebuyers by $7.3 billion and not changing the total amount of mortgage loan funding to White homebuyers”.
People who live in the real world know such a policy might not "increase equality".
Sometimes, generous loans offered due to trendy policies – like in the leadup to the 2008 crisis – trap the borrowers with unsustainable debts. Other times, they meet the ostensible targets – "more to Latinos" – without actually reaching the disadvantaged. (Only Latinos who are already well-off can work the system.)
Many people of all 'advantagedness' categories will reject the idea of targeting loans by ethnicity, preferring as a matter of morality that such decisions should be ethnicity-blind. They might even choose to suffer tangible resource losses for themselves & their 'ingroup', to punish attempts to set up a resource-allocation on unfair precepts, as in 'ultimatum game' experiments.
And, no matter how carefully the question-conditions are wordsmithed to suggest a 'free lunch' for the preferred-category at no cost to the respondents – "not changing the total amount of mortgage loan funding to White homebuyers" – in the real world an extra $7.3B has to come from somewhere. Reserving it for a specific ethnicity means it's taken from everyone else – not just from the study's 'advantaged' but every other (possibly-even-more-needy) program/group.
(Other conditions only described in the supplementary materials are even worse in imagining free-money for pay-raises, and free-jobs that don't displace anyone else, as if magically from-the-sky.)
The experimenters' childlike wishing-away of tradeoffs thus makes their desired result fall automatically out of the interaction between their fanciful scenarios & respondents' real-world familiarity with how such proposed policies truly work.
If you have three people, one who has almost everything, one who has almost nothing and another who has nothing. How can you make things more equal without harming the relative standing of the person who has almost everything?
It could be positive sum in the long run but if you consider life to be a series of snapshots I’m not convinced that equalizing measures don’t hurt those who are, fairly or unfairly, advantaged at least momentarily.
> How can you make things more equal without harming the relative standing of the person who has almost everything?
Go all the way down to the "materials and methods" section. The questions they used are mostly about loans and bonuses, so they aren't even just harming the relative standing, they're harming the absolute standing.
Speaking from a northern European perspective, there are a lot of systems in place that guarantee healthcare, housing and affordable or even free study opportunities. Those systems, funded by taxes, enjoy broad support, and to some extent set a (low) base level of equality and opportunity. Of course if the debate shifts into a narrative of being allowed to take from a "privileged party" – to empty their fridge sort of speak – you touch upon something visceral in people's self-preservation psyche and risk jeopardising that social net. Tolerance is generally low to provide more to those who are perceived to have failed to take advantage of those benefits and opportunities already bestowed upon them.
The economy is not a zero sum game. With a different distribution of resources people can have greater access to education, to work, better health, and a more efficient economy overall.
Are you familiar with the brainteaser use to illustrate the velocity of money? "A rich tourist comes to town. He enters the only hotel, lays a 100 dollar bill on the reception counter..."
Thankfully, no one living today exists in systems of two individuals. We all live in complex societies with multiple systems that can, and do, move beyond just zero sum addition.
Only if you have perfect information. And for the people for whom equality of opportunity really matters the standing of those near the top is, at least at the start, unassailable.
It has nothing to do with information, it's simply logic. You have a line of 5 people waiting for a cashier. There's no magic. Moving someone else to the front will result in someone else having to wait. Zero sum.
> If you have three people, one who has almost everything, one who has almost nothing and another who has nothing. How can you make things more equal without harming the relative standing of the person who has almost everything?
This assumes zero-sum. Many issues are not zero-sum issues.
social standing is even less zero sum than capital. if I choose to respect you, that doesn't mean I have to kick the next person I see in the groin.
edit: sorry, now I see. how can you lord your wealth over the peasants if they are as rich as you? why should we as a society care how much you get you put yourself above others for no good reason?
The classic terms are sufficient. Upper, middle and lower class are all inherently relative terms. Everyone cannot be "upper class," or middle, or lower.
> All issues are zero sum in a moment imo. What’s an example of a positive sum short term situation like the one I described?
Nice move adding “short term” in there.
The examples that I have seen that stand out to me are when the “have almost everything” group shares with the two “have less” groups, and that lets the have everything group have more of everything. Their relative score may be less (they have 90% of the total score versus 95%), but they have a higher absolute score (e.g., 180 points versus 95).
A classic example of this is growing (or shrinking) the middle class. The US did a fairly good job of this in the 20th century. The pie got bigger and the rich got richer on an absolute level.
A counter example is Japan in the recent “lost decades”. The haves basically stuck it to the youth and the have nots, and they have created quite a predicament for themselves. A once vibrant economy with a high velocity of money is a shadow of its former self. So many groups turtles down and said “I got mine”, and basically was content letting the pie shrink.
> The examples that I have seen that stand out to me are when the “have almost everything” group shares with the two “have less” groups, and that lets the have everything group have more of everything. Their relative score may be less (they have 90% of the total score versus 95%), but they have a higher absolute score (e.g., 180 points versus 95).
Sure, but we're talking about the study linked, which is about perception and consequently relative status.
Not only that, but I’ve done research on this topic.
You started off with a broad question that I thought was worth answering.
In general, many (most?) people fairly actively do not try to make the pie bigger via their actions, even if their words say otherwise. In my opinion, encouraging people to make the pie bigger via their actions is a task worth taking, and this expands beyond the specific topic of social standing.
I addressed your abstract question that applies to many contexts with an answer that also applies to many contexts (but with a concrete contextual example… as examples often are).
I try not to engage in the HN game of moving the target and/or whataboutism, but sometimes the topic warrants making statements for others to read. This thread is one of those times.
if I take some of your money and you have to starting buying low-end $40 dollar bottles of wine to have with your dinner I've certainly harmed you. but every night I do that 10 starving people get to eat. yes, I have harmed you. and no, maybe we don't really want to live in a place where people can take your things because they think its a good idea.
but lets not pretend that its an even trade - not even close to zero sum.
Are all investments then zero sum? I lose $100, the other person gets $100. At that moment in time it’s win/lose but clearly if that were actually the case all game theory would be useless for anything involving time between action and reward/penalty.
> Nevertheless, the situation like the stock market etc. is not a zero-sum game because investors could gain profit or loss from share price influences by profit forecasts or economic outlooks rather than gain profit from other investors' losses.
Equality will always be prevented as long as we're allowed to exercise free will. A wise man said, "Differences in habits and attitudes are differences in human capital, ...and such differences create differences in economic outcomes."
Besides, the 2nd sentence of the Abstract shows they begin by labelling the perceptions of others as inaccurate. This corrupts the rest for me:
>Only when equality is increased within their ingroup, instead of between groups, do advantaged group members accurately perceive it as unharmful.
"Equality is prevented by the misperception that sharing land with the Jamestown colony will harm the Algonquin tribes"
I shake my head whenever I see supposed scientists assert that everybody's incentives are aligned, defying both common sense and all of human history. The reality is competition and contention are readily observed in every domain of human life.
To me, articles like this are obvious political agitation.
This is no doubt compounded by the very justified anger of disadvantaged groups. It means women, people of color et al often make enemies unnecessarily from people who might well be inclined to be their allies.
I've also been felt alienated a lot of times by women fighting for feminism and what some of them has come up with, like womxn, all men are dicks etc. but then I think it takes a bit of mental resilience to understand that it's the most noisy part of a group of people who suffer and is exploited and needs to be supported. On the other hand I think most of the battle might even be shared in terms of interests, I got today a good example about it as in Italy today have made news the words of female stylist saying something along the lines of "I won't hire women younger than 40 as they won't be available 24/7 and would need time off to enjoy friends and family, build families and they would also maybe need time off if they get pregnant, sometimes we forget that the battles are between business owners and workers, properties owners and tenants... and that increasing the salary of one doesn't necessarily means lowering it for another as I think business owners don't reditribute the value created by workers bust most of it is stolen, pocketed and results in yacht, luxury and properties, like business owners are the common enemy we need to fight not each other
> advantaged group members misperceive equality as necessarily harming their access to resources and inequality as necessarily benefitting them
I don't think that's misperception. I think the article (and likely cited studies) lead with their dogma and try to "prove" it. Having privilege is beneficial. Isn't that an obvious tautology?
"For each inequality, participants first read a description of the disparity between an advantaged and disadvantaged group (e.g., “According to a recent report, in 2018, White homebuyers received roughly $386.4 billion in mortgage loans from banks, while Latino homebuyers only received around $12.6 billion in mortgage loans overall”). In the equality-enhancing policy condition, participants read proposals to increase resource access for the disadvantaged group and not change resource access for the advantaged group (e.g., “Several banks propose increasing the total amount of mortgage loans to Latino homebuyers by $7.3 billion and not changing the total amount of mortgage loan funding to White homebuyers”). The policy would thereby increase proportional equality in access to a given resource between the two groups. In the inequality-enhancing policy condition, participants read proposals to decrease resource access for the disadvantaged group and not change resource access for the advantaged group (e.g., “Several banks propose decreasing the total amount of mortgage loans to Latino homebuyers by $7.3 billion and not changing the total amount of mortgage loan funding to White homebuyers”). "
. . .
"As predicted, participants misperceived equality-enhancing policies as more harmful to their advantaged ingroup’s resource access than policies that maintained the status quo [b = 0.75, SE = 0.087, t(590.68) = 8.62, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.58, 0.93]] or worsened inequality"
But do the participants really "misperceive" the hypothetical policies as "more harmful" if one doesn't agree with the study's framing, and conclude that increasing lending to a purported subset of the population results in higher housing costs for all due to market forces?
Eqaulity of outcome is a stupid target. Different people have different productivity. There are people who don't want to work at all. There are people who want to work 15 hours a day. There are people who produce 10x of work in the same time span. There are people with rare and hard to learn skills. I will never be convinced that a neurosurgeon should be paid the same as a janitor high school dropout. While both cleaning and neurosurgery are important jobs, they are not of the same value to the society.
Related, I've seen a lot of commentary on Roe that takes the form "men should stop telling women what to do with their bodies." On it's face, sure, but men support choice almost as much as women, and while abolishing abortion hurts women much more it doesn't help men one bit, and even hurts men who are also very much a part of the hard parts of family planning.
It's the same fallacy in the opposite direction: the idea that because something hurts one group it must help another group, when really pro-lifers just hurt everyone, even themselves.
I don't really know what this stance does to an ideology... it feels like it's unnecessarily constructing enemies, or misplacing anger in ways that dilute the meaning of that anger. I know in most ways these expressions are just ways to release anger, maybe the form doesn't matter that much, but...
Unrelated. This study is mostly financial (loans and bonuses, without mentioning where the extra money would come from), they included the questions under "materials and methods".
There are certainly those who promote equality by knocking people down rather than raising people up at least in their choice of language. It's ingrained in the entire idea of "privilege". A privilege is you get but don't intrinsically deserve. Fair treatment under the law isn't a privilege, it's something everyone deserves.
I would say some extremely liberal cities giving contracts to specific minorities (female or black owned businesses) to promote equality...that is not fair treatment. Equality is making sure everyone has the same opportunities to succeed.
"In studies 1 to 5, participants read various equality-enhancing policies that would provide additional resources (e.g., salary and jobs) to a disadvantaged group (e.g., Latino Americans, people with a disability, women, and ex-felons) without changing the resources provided to the advantaged ingroup (e.g., white Americans, people without a disability, men, and non-felons)."
That sounds a little too magical.
I understand policies might have that overall effect, at least in aggregate, but I doubt there would be widespread agreement on the "everybody wins" outcome.
Depends on what type of equality you are referring to. I see equality as everyone have equal chances of succeeding...equal opportunity and not necessarily equal outcome. If you push equality as equal outcome...then yes the person who is "advantaged" because they did better (maybe worked harder or had a better idea) will feel like it harms them to force equal outcomes.
When you look at the recent nomination of Ketanji Brown did it harm the 97% of federal judge candidates who were excluded from the process because the intended outcome was to have a black woman on the SCOTUS?
Why is this study applied only to identity groups? It would have been more interesting to see the results in terms of the genuinely disadvantaged in society: those with low income and no wealth. Those are the people who really need help.
This may very well be true, but only as a post-hoc explanation.
Reactionary politics (all politics, really) have their home at a subconscious level. Politics are ways of feeling and acting. It's an error to think that if the other side had more "common sense", they'd see the light. Even animals have politics. Only the most _surface-level_ politics can be affected through logical explanations.
I can't imagine anyone disagreeing with 'equality-enhancing policies' which leads me to believe the entire article has confused equality with equity, an entirely different (and incompatible) concept.
There are a whole bunch of bad assumptions here just in the first few paragraphs. Those include the idea that group are homogeneous (every white person is advantaged, every woman is disadvantaged) and that it is even possible to improve one person's position without worsening someone else's.
It's actually so poor I am having trouble assuming good faith on the authors parts.
It is an interesting article but it completely glosses over the fact that not everything is non-zero sum and that differential costs can and do exist. The basis of this is entity-hood, and it applies not only to groups but also to individuals, corporations, etc. In fact, it applies to plants and animals also.
As this is all evolved, it's nearly impossible to separate the inclination from its effects. When humans have equal access to physical resources, they seek status and status as resources because it is a way of assuring physical and other resources in an uncertain environment.
All entities that persist have some process which enables that persistence: self and group interest are long-term evolved responses. We can see them as problematic, but it's actually very important that they exist. Since entities can defect in a game-theoretic sense, existence is not assured. It's nice when you are Ukraine, for instance, to be able to have the urge to promote unequal access to arms (a resource) or international attention to ensure your survival. Without this urge, there is trouble.
Carrying this back to something more local, in a family, attention-envy can happen among siblings because parental attention is not infinite. The non-zero sum model ignores these realities.
> A longitudinal survey of the 2020 U.S. voters reveals that harm perceptions predict voting against actual equality-enhancing policies, more so than voters’ political and egalitarian beliefs
How can it be a "misperception" if white people conclude that policies that deprioritize them for access to limited government programs will cause them harm?
The study also makes a critical assumption that supposed "equality-enhancing policies" will actually produce "non–zero-sum increases in resource equality." Some may think that small business loans from which whites are excluded will generate benefits that make everyone, including the excluded white small business owners, better off. Maybe even better off than if those white small business owners had been allowed to participate in those government programs in the first instance. But that's an assumption--the authors are assuming that the intended effect of these government programs will be the actual effect. There doesn't seem to be any scientific basis for calling that a "misperception."
They literally put it in the title. The scientists have this prejudice that some groups are advantaged, and that if they complain it’s caused by a misperception.
What people complain about is unfairness. Promoting an entire group based on skin or ethnicity is racism. One can’t assume that groups must be equal in the way they work.
There are only two ways we can solve racism:
- Give people equal opportunity and accept that groups will have different averages, on average,
- Pile up on whites, they’re basically only 10% of humanity so they will end up representing a smaller voting group in the long term, especially if they’re divided pro/against, so we can be unfair to them and punish the ones who complain.
Identity groups is what we call abstractions in software. Our small working memory can fit only 10 things at a time, so bundling people into "latino", "blacks", "whites" and "asian" boxes makes it all thinkable, at least. And just like in software, these abstractions are leaky: the set of properties that describes the white box, doesn't apply to many people in it.
Another shortcoming of our mind is thinking in the yes/no categories, instead of using probability distributions (for which we don't even have words in our language). This gets especially ugly when both flaws combine: "disadvantaged groups earn 15% less" - here the leaky "groups" are either advantaged or disadvantaged (no middle ground), and the group as a whole earns precisely 15% less (no variance, no bimodal distributions, just one exact number).
> The scientists have this prejudice that some groups are advantaged, and that if they complain it’s caused by a misperception.
100% correct. Calling these people "scientists" is giving them too much credit. These are propagandists using sciency sounding language to push a political agenda.
Neither of those ways will solve racism, and since racism will go unsolved, in 100 years we'll still be talking about how the past has passed and that NOW is the time for a meritocracy. 100 years of some groups falling further and further behind.
Looking at the state of racial relations in 1922 and how they changed in the 100 years since then, I sort-of doubt that the situation of 2122 will be anywhere close to today. Someone will probably oppress someone else, but the overall balance of power and ideas will be totally different than today.
In the Western context, that's probable. But no matter where you look, some groups will still lag in a bunch of metrics, xenophobia and racism will still exist in some form and will still be holding them back. That's always been the case and they certainly won't be solved with the two suggestions above.
> advantaged group members misperceive equality as necessarily harming their access to resources
Equality may not harm advantaged groups materially (more likely equality brings material benefits), but the sense of your group's place at the top of a social hierarchy being challenged is surely psychologically distressing.
My sense from reading the article is that they're not "pretending" so much as "not addressing".
I'm persuaded that in terms of access to resources, equality brings benefits — for example, integrating women into the US workforce unlocked massive economic potential, benefiting men as well as women. This article reinforces that conclusion.
But as to why misperceptions exist that access to resources is always a zero-sum game, this article doesn't say (from what I've seen, haven't read the whole article yet). It just observes that such misperceptions exist and have policy consequences. From the abstract:
> This misperception that equality is necessarily zero-sum may explain why inequality prevails even as it incurs societal costs that harm everyone.
EDIT: ah, here's their theory:
> Building upon this research, we propose a new explanation for this phenomenon — that people fundamentally misperceive losses of relative advantage as losses in absolute terms.
> A longitudinal survey of the 2020 U.S. voters reveals that harm perceptions predict voting against actual equality-enhancing policies, more so than voters’ political and egalitarian beliefs.
Doublespeak. These policies are equality of outcome, not equality of opportunity, so those voters are siding with their egalitarian beliefs, not against. Waaaaay down in "Materials and Methods", here's the first study:
> In the equality-enhancing policy condition, participants read about policies that proposed to increase the disadvantaged group’s resource access and not change the advantaged group’s resource access, which would therefore reduce the disparity:
> “Several banks propose increasing the total amount of mortgage loans to Latino homebuyers by $7.3 billion and not changing the total amount of mortgage loan funding to White homebuyers. Ultimately, these banks predict that this proposal will narrow the gap in mortgage loans between Latino and White homebuyers over the next year.”
> In the status quo condition, participants read that no policy was proposed to address the disparity:
> “However, several banks propose not changing mortgage loan funding over the next year.”
> In the inequality-enhancing condition, participants read about policies that proposed to decrease the disadvantaged group’s resource access and not change the advantaged group’s resource access, which would therefore worsen the disparity:
> “Several banks propose decreasing the total amount of mortgage loans to Latino homebuyers by $7.3 billion and not changing the total amount of mortgage loan funding to White homebuyers. Ultimately, these banks predict that this proposal will widen the gap in mortgage loans between Latino and White homebuyers over the next year.”
> Participants indicated how each policy proposal would affect the advantaged ingroup’s resource access [“How do you think the proposed changes will affect [advantaged groups’] chances of [receiving resources]?”; 7-point Likert-scale with meaningful anchors: −3 (greatly harm), 0 (no effect), and +3 (greatly improve)].
On top of the opportunity/outcome distinction, there's a something the voters might be thinking of that they didn't account for (this is huge and I went looking for these questions, so it could easily be in there somewhere, but the word "confound" doesn't appear on the page): Where does the extra money for the loans come from? Banks can't create it out of thin air, it has to come from somewhere, so the "and not changing the total amount of mortgage loan funding to White homebuyers" can easily be read as a lie, making the premise of this section ("and not change the advantaged group’s resource access") incorrect.
Don’t banks have a certain reserve ratio that they need to maintain? This would mean the absolute maximum they can give out in loans is a fixed amount, and likely slow changing. Assuming loans make money and banks want to maximize profit, banks would loan out close to the max they can (of course they need to keep margin to address any risks). This would mean giving more loans to certain group of people would put downward pressure on the amount of loans banks can give to others.
Let’s say that everyone in the country rolls 11 dice, and whoever rolls all sixes becomes dictator for life. That would be fair, wouldn’t it? In the sense that everyone has an equal chance, it is fair. In fact it’s precisely, purely fair. Everyone in the country had exactly the same chance. You don’t get much more fair than that!
However, you are still left with a nation ruled by a dictator.. Let that cook in your head for a minute.
I’ll solve the riddle for you: Fairness has never been the issue here. Power imbalance is. We’re asking the wrong question. The correct question is, how can we make it so nobody has unwarranted power over anyone else? That’s true equality.
"Only when equality is increased within their ingroup, instead of between groups, do advantaged group members accurately perceive it as unharmful."
This is why it's critical that policies for education, city planning, economic planning etc. all maintain and encourage interaction between classes. If the advantaged are never made aware of the struggle of others, the result is runaway social stratification.
Also, these studies are entirely within the US context and so correlate along common historical and geographical lines. Conclusions can't be applied broadly to other societies.
Accumulation of capital is prevented by the misperception that equality is desirable in and of itself.
Is it better that we allow the capital in society to be commanded by elected bureaucrats or by people who acquired it in a competitive process, even if that means that they will have more pieces of paper (called shares) with their name on it? Is the billionaire who only spends $100k on himself every year to be viewed the same as the billionaire who throws a party every weekend with bikini models on his mega-yacht?
It is not a misperception. It's a high probability that influencing one thing influences the other. Equality of oportunity is what we should be looking for.
The problem with grouping people into advantaged and disadvantaged groups along lines of race and ethnicity is that you will end up grouping some people that are actually from a poor background into the "advantaged" group and vice versa. No matter how you put it, that just doesn't seem fair and I find it appalling that this somehow became acceptable in modern day America.
It depends on the means to achieve equality, right? And you also have to account for the possibility that a given idea to improve equality actually reduces it.
But sure, if you observe equality in a well-functioning system after the fact, I could certainly believe that everyone is better off.
> Equality is prevented by the misperception that it harms advantaged groups
But what the article calls "equality" is discriminating against men, whites, asians and other groups. It's pretty obvious this discrimination harms those groups.
I have an opinion, that sort of conflicts with having an opinion itself - but hear me out. I have growing opinion that Americans (US) more often than not feel a compulsion to have an opinion. A family-member states an opinion or event, we read something in the news, etc. and, without being even _decently_ educated in the subject, choosing to hold an opinion and (pseudo) defend it. I'm outing my former self here.
How much easier is life if we choose a select group of topics to be informed on and debate those. Letting the other shit go, saying to ourselves "I'm not knowledgeable enough here to have an meaningful opinion. And therefore, I will stfu." That takes a lot of where with all and, aside from myself, I have not heard a single person say words along these lines.
This articles seems to equating societal advantages to game theoretic advantages-- they have severe differences. Human systems don't always benefit from, "equality" and, "democratization" despite those terms being very, "friendly" in terms to the contemporary culture. It's good to democratize workspaces but by comparison it's illiberal to democratize someone's girlfriend. Inviting the public to do grown up science is an interesting idea but in terms of lofty ideals but without a workable, "human model" you get, "drown the public in dopamenic engagements and then use data-collection to develop statistical models as a socioeconomic model" to progress science and technology and I think we can mostly agree that this is not a good thing. This same reasoning has applications in other, "human" domains-- sex cultures benefit from secrecy and exclusivity, artists often benefit from the creative process not being, "democratic" and it seems that it would be unwise to let untrained people manage the greater macroeconomy through voting or popular consensus. Financial, social, and creative elites get this. That's why institutional and social gatekeeping exists.
Real equality and Liberalism go along with Universal Education; Franklin and Rousseau (and others) seem to typify a progressive society as a being a kind of social arrangement where nobody is deliberately or arbitrarily held back from the process of becoming self-determining through education and for the most part, "democracy" has been considered a, "vulgar" form a government since antiquity even amongst the Founding Fathers and Enlightenment thinkers. Consider a modern society where the media system has been hijacked to, "manufacturer consent" for abolishing democratic institutions, libraries, and schools through popular consent and social degradation. It's worth noting that CPAC's having a conference in Budapest two weeks.
The only silver bullet for human systems is education. Equality and democracy without universal education is worse than the forms of government it/they historically displace.
If you're privileged and carrying the feeling that you need to be the provider in your family group, that facet of your life experience would be improved by greater equity in our society. The patriarchy harms everyone, including those that it privileges.
This is sophistry for social justice ideology masquarading as science:
>>Racial inequality costs the U.S. economy an estimated $16 trillion in lost gross domestic product (GDP) (4), failing to hire job seekers with a criminal history results in an annual loss of $78 billion in U.S. GDP (5), and the persistent gender pay gap restrains the global economy by about $160 trillion (6).
The idea that these inequalities can be addressed, in an economically net-gainful way, by government mandates or simple changes in hiring preferences, is based on the fanciful premise that such inequality is economically irrational and due to discrimination, as opposed to disparites in skills or work hours that justify pay and representation inequality. This premise - that inequality between various demographics in employment is significantly or largely due to discrimination and thus economically irrational - is not only not established, it is heavily counter-indicated against by the evidence.
Policies that reduce inequality in pay or representation, without addressing inequality in skills present or value contributed that are behind the pay or representation inequality, will harm the economy, by mismatching compensation/representation and value provided, and thus causing capital to be allocated in a suboptimal way for the purposes of maximizing total productivity.
I suggest that most humans would agree striving for equal opportunity is a universal goal (although hard to measure and perhaps impossible to fully achieve)
I suggest that many humans see equalized outcomes as more a dystopian nightmare. In todays world it seems equal opportunity, equity.. and equalized outcomes often conflated with one another.