Seems like a case of survivorship bias. Unclear what this guy is doing that's particularly unique.
He invested a lot in Amazon and Tesla, relatively early. Out of everyone investing in the time period, someone was bound to be holding the most of some of the stocks that do crazy things.
Having Asperger's, starting as a CPA, not using value investing, reading Christensen... I doubt any of these are gonna shake up institutional investing.
Using some simple math (and somewhat inaccurate math), let's calculate the chance of the null hypothesis being true: he has no skill and it is just luck, assuming 10% annualized volatility for the market and 8% annualized return. By my calculation, over the six year period, there's a 4.82e-18 chance that his returns are due to luck and the null hypothesis is true. Of course I'm simplifying a lot, but I think you get the idea.
Also, you don't need to do anything "particularly unique" to generate very impressive returns. No firm (besides maybe RenTec) is doing anything that is truly out there and on another level: employees join and leave, ideas get passed around, etc. And yet, there are many top tier firms that end up hitting out of the park, year after year.
People on HN always make these cheap throwaway comments about "expert coin-flippers" and "survivorship bias" when talking about finance. I'm not sure exactly why, but I think it comes from disdain for finance. I also think that the idea that some people are just better at generating wealth through the markets can be uncomfortable.
Anyways, the chance of his returns being luck is extremely small, any which way you cut it.
"Its long/short equity fund gained an astounding 274 percent, thanks in large part to a 700 percent surge in the price of Tesla’s stock, which accounted for 37 percent of Worm’s publicly traded equities portfolio at the end of the third quarter."
This means that, outside of his TSLA position, the rest of his portfolio made about 25%. In a normal year that'd be impressive, but 2020 was a year where SPY was up 15% and there was insane volatility.
So basically this guy gets decent-to-good performance on 3/5 of his portfolio and put the other 2/5 into a blind gamble which turned out to pay off. The chances of that happening by luck aren't "4.82e-18."
> Unlikely things happen all the time. If he lost money, this article wouldn’t exist.
Exactly! The person you replied to did the right calculation but completely threw away the context. The argument here is akin to p-hacking where all the investors in the world are the experiments and this article merely picked the one that got lucky.
Different scenario but similar argument, I roll a large set of dice, 5x rolls each die. If the set is large enough, one of the dice is likely to land all 6s. While that is unlikely, that doesn’t automatically mean the diced are unfair. It’s not just enough to reject the null hypothesis but you also need to prove the new hypothesis. Not to mention having a solid working theorem for why the alternate hypothesis is correct.
I don't understand you. Why do you dismiss survivorship bias and then do your math without that in mind?
If I read you correctly, you calculated "how likely is it that someone gets these results?". But accounting for survivorship bias, shouldn't it be "how likely is it that someone gets these results?" ?
Maybe I'm reading something wrong here, if so I would be obliged if you could elaborate.
The first statement should be read as "what are the chances that this particular person got results this good?"
The second statement should be read as "out of all investors active in the market during this period, what are the chances that one of them got results this good?"
Although I agree that survivorship bias is a cheaply constructed argument, it’s hard to know how good this fund really is when it’s only been in operation during the greatest bull run of our lifetime.
That is also true, though the portfolio manager did well during bear markets as well. Doesn't say tell us how his current portfolio would hold up, but he's probably as well equipped as anyone to navigate the environment (which maybe isn't saying much).
Your comparison of his investing style to the broad market is incredibly far off. If you want to make calculations at least do it off a more accurate benchmark and not the S&P 500. Something like ARKK or at least QQQ.
Depends what he is investing in. "Innovative" growth companies? Then ARKK isn't a bad benchmark. QQQ is a lot more conservative compared to what he was investing in.
For a fund like this, more volatility = more opportunities to make money. Doing 25% when the benchmark does 15% is less impressive than when it does 10, 5, or is down over the same period.
This statement is correct, but doesn't address the problem with the OP's calculation.
This fund is up basically entirely on the strength of TSLA being up 700%. OP is basically considering two possibilities:
1. TSLA stock is a driftless geometric Brownian motion with a volatility matching that of the general market, and happened to get a 700% return purely by chance, or
2. The fund manager, due to his exceptional skill, knew that TSLA was going to be up 700%.
The OP is rejecting option (1) and then concluding that option (2) must be the case.
Of course in reality neither is the case and the OP's calculation is totally irrelevant.
But what matters is not the volatility of the market as much as the cross-sectional dispersion of stocks. If correlation was high and all the stocks hade beta one and were almost identical to the market there would be little opportunity for a stock-picking fund like this, whatever the volatility of the market.
The market has moved a lot. But the point is that if the fund goes 100% TSLA at the beginning and does nothing else it would have outperformed massively and the volatility of the market would be completely irrelevant.
That seems closer to what they did than timing the market, don't you think?
My point was that to "test" if a concentrated stock-picking fund can get that result by luck you don't look at how often the market with such and such return and volatility gets that performance or how often randomly trading the market would you get this performance.
You look at how rare is it that a concentrated portfolio of random stocks has a very good performance. The answer is "not that much".
you look at a normal distribution of returns using SPY mean return and SPY stdev as the parameters and then calculate the chance of his returns or better 6 years in a row.
There's a lot of things wrong with my calculation, but it was illustrative of how P < 0.05 in this case, no matter how you calculate it.
Null hypothesis is: he is not generating alpha given the assumption the underlying distribution of his returns are the same as SPY. How would you calculate the chance of him generating alpha using only the fact (and no other data) that he generated an annualized return of ~37% (iirc) over a six year period?
So you’ve rejected the hypothesis that his portfolio has the same distribution of returns as the SPY. Looks reasonable, because his portfolio does not track the S&P 500. Congratulations!
The QQQ (Nasdaq 100) also generates alpha without any doubt then, as does the SPUU (leveraged S&P 500).
If you're able to tolerate an arbitrary amount of risk, you can potentially achieve absolutely absurd returns with very little skill. You just need to maximize your portfolio's volatility. Find the most volatile stock you can with an upcoming earnings announcement or other catalyst and invest all your money into it. If you didn't lose all your money, sell everything and invest all your money in another volatile stock with an upcoming catalyst. Rinse and repeat. This is how people win stock competitions.
If you're able to tolerate an arbitrary amount of risk, just go to the casino and keep betting on red with doubling stakes, borrowing along the way if necessary, until you win the amount you want.
Competition investment: maximize the probability of your profit being the best in the pool
Normal strategy: 100% chance of losing the competition.
Extremely risky strategy: 99.99% of losing - who cares by how much? There's this 0.01% of winning and it's all that matters.
The argument even applies to competitions where you play with your own real money. Any non-zero prize moves the slider a bit towards the riskier strategies.
You don't explain how you calculated that number but it seems absurd (presented with absurd over precision). For example, I would be astonished if there aren't individuals, probably 10s or 100s or even 1000s of individuals who followed an "all in on Tesla" strategy that would generate these types of returns. That suggests an absolute lower bound around 1e-8 (very conservatively) before doing any serious analysis.
The article does not claim uniqueness, but focuses on the difference between basing investments on exceptionalism rather than value.
Stand out hedge fund performances typically don't translate even to the same or similar hedge funds at different times let alone scaling to the point of 'gonna shake up institutional investing'.
Yes yes, survivorship bias, but the problem is actually interesting in several aspects:
1. On an individual level, it's impossible to distinguish between survivorship bias and doing things right. If you are the surviving one, did you do things differently or did you just get lucky? In a coin-toss competition, the answer is obvious. When it comes to stocks, it's not.
Because:
2. The general (academic) consensus to differentiate between luck and skill when it comes to investing is: Can you be profitable for a long period of time? But do you really need to prove yourself over and over that you have the skill? What if you had the skill only once, to predict one certain event and have tremendous gains with it? Apparently, this is considered "luck" and not "skill" when it comes to investing. Which I find odd.
Add the nonlinear utility of money: Your first million makes the biggest impact on your life, especially if you earn it early in life. Buying an ETF sets you up for a good retirement (probably, maybe), but the GME stock picking YOLO might put you on a different trajectory.
3. When it comes to finance and investing, we all know the academic view: passive investing / buy & hold is king, you can't predict the winners. All true of course, but the problem is: there is no resolution to this. You can say that, in hindsight, buy & hold returned X% on average over the last 50 years, but have to warn that "past performance is no indication for future performance". And ultimately, you can calculate your true performance only if you realize profits to do something with it in life or if you are about to die.
So, on an individual level, you have two choices:
- Buy and hold a passive index fund and hope that the performance of the last X years is indicative for the future performance, because that's how the stock market works (or whatever).
- Expose yourself to luck/chance/positive black swans by doing some skilled or unskilled stock picking that has potential to put you on another trajectory in life.
- Expose yourself to luck/chance/positive black swans by doing some skilled or unskilled stock picking that has potential to put you on another trajectory in life.
If the goals to expose yourself to luck, why not just purchase lottery tickets then?
By definition the median investor makes what the total market return is. Something like VTI is up 25% since Jan 1 2020. If tech investors outperformed a lot, there are lots of boomers who haven't kept up.
> Today the online juggernaut is the most conventional — and most popular — hedge fund stock in the world, but when Alsin first invested in it the smart money was skeptical. After all, the company wasn’t profitable.
If you look at AMZN's stock price, he timed it pretty well: he presumably bought in around $200 before it really started taking off. If he had bought in 5 years earlier, that would have netted "only" an extra 100%.
Institutional Investor is targeted at people who work in finance, and I think "early" is meant in the sense of being early to trade a particular stock or theme that later becomes popular. So being "early" to GME would mean a month ago, not early relative to the IPO.
And in the game where "anyone could make money", they did the most of all the funds that were assessed. If that doesn't count for something, what does?
A lot of people made a lot of money just before the dot-com boom... And then they lost it all.
It’s trivial to make a lot of money short-term and he was just the best at it. Now if he is still having 200% returns after a full-cycle, now that’s impressive.
He invested a lot in Amazon and Tesla, relatively early. Out of everyone investing in the time period, someone was bound to be holding the most of some of the stocks that do crazy things.
Having Asperger's, starting as a CPA, not using value investing, reading Christensen... I doubt any of these are gonna shake up institutional investing.