This site has such a pleasant UI, and the text output formatting is so beautiful and meticulous. It seems like a lot of small details at work here too, like the micro-UX with hover effects on a lot of these elements.
Quantum anything is over my head, so I have no idea what I'm looking at, but it's really pretty at least.
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Looking through the source, a few things pop out:
- Wow, this thing was made entirely in Vanilla JS + CSS, no frameworks of anything. Not a SINGLE dependency in the whole library or site. You don't see that everyday.
- In the code, maybe this is my not understanding, but it seems like the "quantum" bit is probabilities based on Math.random() calls?
const outcomes = matrix.rows.reduce(function (outcomes, row, i) {
outcomes.push({
state:
"|" + parseInt(i, 10).toString(2).padStart(circuit.bandwidth, "0") + "⟩",
probability: Math.pow(row[0].absolute(), 2),
});
return outcomes;
}, []);
// We need to “stack” our probabilities from 0..1.
const outcomesStacked = new Array(this.results.length);
this.results.reduce(function (sum, outcome, i) {
sum += outcome.probability;
outcomesStacked[i] = sum;
return sum;
}, 0);
// Now we can pick a random number
// and return the first outcome
// with a probability equal to or greater than
// that random number.
const randomNumber = Math.random(),
randomIndex = outcomesStacked.findIndex(function (index) {
return randomNumber <= index;
});
Is this how quantum works "under the hood" so to speak?
You’re asking a really good question—I should probably write page on this to make it more clear; it definitely was NOT clear to me at first either! The short answer is “no.” What you’re seeing there is the Q.Circuit.prototype.try$ function which forces a circuit to choose one of its probable outcomes. I mostly added this in so users could write a simple coin-flip demo and get an actual heads or tails result—you know; feel good about making their first superposition and then collapsing it to a conclusion:
Q`H`.try$() ? 'tails' : 'heads'
But it’s the management and redistribution of probabilities during the course of a circuit’s operation that is the real quantum magic—not choosing a series of random outcomes. In fact if you search the entire repo for “Math.random” you’ll see that this try$ function is the only “semi-meaningful” use of randomness. (The other calls to Math.random are either part of some included THREE.js bits for the Bloch Sphere visualizer, or for randomly tilting the click-and-draggable gate tiles in circuit palettes, or for choosing random color + animal names. Yes... Random color + animal names!)
Q.getRandomName$()
The way we manage probabilities in a simulator is by representing qubits as a pair of numbers. This should give you a better idea of how that works—and what “superposition” means in this context:
https://quantumjavascript.app/Q-Qubit.html
But the weirdest part for me to wrap my head around was that there is no answer until you’ve computed the ENTIRE answer. In a regular computer you can ask what the value of a particular bit is at anytime and that doesn’t effect any other piece of the circuit. But with quantum simulation like this you are mixing all of the ingredients together and it is impossible to pull one out, point to it and say “this particular qubit has this particular value!” Instead you can only know the total state of the system.
You’ve given me a lot to think about in terms of adding more content to Q :)
Yeah; A real "Hello world" quantum program is randomly printing 0 or 1 without any pseudo-random generator. At the most fundamental level, the quantum-bit can be in many states, but when measured will "jump" to either 0 or 1.
Now, /why/ does it jump when measured? We don't know, but physicists have many cool theories.
One of which is that it doesn't really jump, but just that there are many universes created and one shows a 0 and another one shows a 1 (Called the Many-worlds interpretation). As weird as it sounds, it seems like the most promising explanation. There are other theories but they all need to add hacks to make the maths work.
The actual quantum level physics itself is probably running in some nodejs process started by forgotten continuous integration server at someone’s home lab.
This is great. I was just thinking today, I don't yet have enough uncertainty about the javascript I have to interact with, and I should add some more, programmatically.
I’d like to really flesh out that page; I’ve now come across so many folks that are amazing at explaining this stuff... It’s just a time crunch to juggle all this as you might imagine ;)
These two videos in particular helped me get started:
It simulates a simple model of a quantum computer, so that you can implement and test out quantum algorithms, albeit at potentially huge computational cost.
quantum.country is a good introduction to quantum computing for people with no background other than linear algebra. Even if you don't understand linear algebra you could probably skim it and get a sense for what's going on.
I just want to echo what everyone has already said that this is indeed very cool in many aspects.
The API documentation is what really jumps out to me: it's an absolute joy to read, and makes me feel that the developer actually respects me as a potential user. Thank you!
Thank you for the kind words. As I’m writing it I just keep thinking “How would I want to be taught this?” As another parallel rule of thumb I pretend that I’m writing to someone who is smarter than I’ll ever be but,
1. Doesn’t know anything about this particular subject yet.
2. Is probably very tired from whatever it is they’ve been doing. (Day job, raising kids, just general anxiety keeping them awake all night, etc.)
3. Might be drunk.
So I try to be plain in my language choices, calming when facing something with an aura of complexity (eg. “this thing that you heard is complex is really just a fancy name for these two simple elements combined”), consistent, and to present actual examples instead of everything just being an impenetrable brick of text.
(And then occasionally I break all my rules by throwing in hyperlinks to random tangents / hiding Missy Elliott lyrics in the code / whatevs.)
This is cool!
However, is there a way to control an operation using more than 1 input?
Like, can I say negate index 1 insofar as both index 2 and index 3 are on?
I tried adding two identity things and an x thing, and selecting the 3 of them, but the "c" button wasn't enabled when I did that.
Uh, that is still unitary, right?
Ok, yeah, it still permutes the 8 pure states, and permutation matrices are orthogonal, and therefore unitary, matrices.
edit: Oh, I see, in the https://quantumjavascript.app/Q-Gate.html page it says that that gate (apparently called the "toffoli gate" or the CCNOT gate) is "coming soon".
If you need some visualization going beyond ASCII characters, I co-developed bra-ket-vue, a quantum state & matrix visualizer in Vue.js. A working demo here:
Woa—this is really beautiful! I need to give this some serious thought since I’ve gone heavy on the idea of not having dependencies, not using modules, not requiring Node, etc. You’ve definitely given me something to mull over here. Well done :)
Not requiring external libraries is by large a good thing.
I am not sure if I agree with other parts, though. Personally, I consider ES6 a huge improvement when it comes to code clarity and readability. It makes it easier to write, and less error-prone. Right now it is supported by major browsers, desktop and mobile: https://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es6/.
I like TypeScript and stuff (https://p.migdal.pl/2020/03/02/types-tests-typescript.html), but I appreciate the no-Node philosophy (especially in the case of no dependencies).
If you want to continue developing it, I can connect you with Unitary Fund and Quantum Open Software Foundation.
...
Side note: I really appreciate the music notes analogy.
I'm in a split mind here - I'm really impressed with OPs work here, and horrified that someone is trying to drag JavaScript into the next era of computers.
And for further clarity, here’s a description of the relevant steps in that animated GIF:
1. Drag an Identity gate (the circle) onto your circuit board.
2. Drag a Pauli X gate (the X) onto the same moment (column) of your circuit board.
3. Select both (by tapping on them).
4. Tap on the "C" button to join them into a controlled gate.
Quantum anything is over my head, so I have no idea what I'm looking at, but it's really pretty at least.
---
Looking through the source, a few things pop out:
- Wow, this thing was made entirely in Vanilla JS + CSS, no frameworks of anything. Not a SINGLE dependency in the whole library or site. You don't see that everyday.
- In the code, maybe this is my not understanding, but it seems like the "quantum" bit is probabilities based on Math.random() calls?
Is this how quantum works "under the hood" so to speak?