Simplicity is, I think, a secondary goal. A big part of the motivation for creating Go was 45 minute C++ compile times. A major reason for the emphasis on simplicity is to keep the compiler fast, even on huge codebases.
So: How much would adding sum types slow down the compiler? I don't know. How fast does Go compile compared to Haskell? (Is that a fair comparison?)
I'm a little dubious of the speed advantage to be honest. Sure compile time is important, and C++ is pretty bad on this front, but you don't need to try that hard to do better.
And no, I don't think sum types would slow the compiler down much, especially if they were limited to a special case for error handling (which seems more in line with the rest of Go).
So: How much would adding sum types slow down the compiler? I don't know. How fast does Go compile compared to Haskell? (Is that a fair comparison?)