As DHH himself says here: The cloud allows flexibility, which is essential when you are figuring out what you are doing, as in a startup. If you are large and stable and know what you want, then yes, you can go on-prem. But note that the cloud providers will negotiate significant discounts for large customers.
Why do these teachers take on such a life? You could say that the long-timers were fooled, they are now in too deep, and can't start a new career, but those deciding whether to do a PhD must know what they are facing, no? This sort of article has been going around for many years.
I entered grad school at 22, thinking I would become a CS prof. I loved CS research I did as an undergrad in a prof's lab. That prof was my role model for my still not fully formed brain. I wasn't told all these things by him or the program, but I did my research and found stats about how so few PhDs become profs. Side note: all the profs are those who made it, so their advice about how to make it is like taking financial advice from lottery winners.
I read lots of these kinds of "grad school isn't worth it" confessionals. But many were about humanities PhDs, not STEM. And I thought I was special, above average, even maybe a genius. And I was special, but apparently not special enough. I dropped out to work in tech and have a better salary and life than my few ex classmates in my program who did make it in academia.
But one of my housemates was a humanities PhD who also started at 22, and was smarter and a harder worker than any of us STEM PhD students. We all thought that if any of us deserved to make it in academia, it was him. But the humanities are shrinking in the academy. What the article describes is his current life. An PhD from an R1 university who can only find a patchwork of adjunct positions at different 2 year community colleges. He can't go work in tech, who is going to pay a historian six figures or even a living wage? He got some work doing freelance writing and editing, mostly helping college applicants with their essays, but ChatGPT is destroying the freelance writing market.
We all made these decisions at age 22, after spending 4 very formative years in college. I made the same stupid decision he did and mine worked out, but the intellectual bug that bit me just so happened to be infinitely more valuable to industry than the one that bit him.
> Side note: all the profs are those who made it, so their advice about how to make it is like taking financial advice from lottery winners.
Or taking business advice from successful entrepreneurs. Everyone is looking for the magical advice—The Formula. But there is none. You can execute perfectly and still lose. You can also bumble through without trying and succeed. You can grow up in the wrong country. You can have the right parents. So much is out of our control. We almost always underestimate the outsized role luck and chance play in our endeavors.
This kind of talk was bubbling around STEM phds, too at top institutions in the 2005-2015 era, so even if you're in your early 40s, you should have at least been able to make an informed decision.
There were a number of careers that undergraduate me was somewhat enamored of. But undergraduate me, surprisingly, was also aware that the odds of my attaining them at the levels I would find satisfying and at least reasonably lucrative were vanishingly small. So I should just stick with a job from my good engineering school.
>ChatGPT is destroying the freelance writing market.
As someone very close to this area, I seriously question this. Yes, there are very low-rent content mills with material being cranked out by people who are being paid pennies per word. But serious freelance writing being commissioned by many corporations (where the pay is more in line with $1/word) are not going to be replaced by ChatGPT anytime soon. The writers may use ChatGPT as an assistant and perhaps rates will decline further over time but this basically falls in the same category as we won't need programmers any longer.
Maybe? But now you're in the category of AI will take all the jobs.
I'm also close to this area, and executives see the writing on the wall.
ChatGPT doesn't even need to be nearly as good as the writers it replaces for those writers to lose their jobs. It just has to be good enough that the people who write the cheques can't tell the difference, and such people don't all have a good eye for quality writing.
> He can't go work in tech, who is going to pay a historian six figures or even a living wage?
I appreciate the thinking that went into the parent post, but I want to challenge this statement, which is emblematic of the kind of reasoning that paints training in the humanities as frivolous and out of touch with the demands of the market, as if the market is the sole arbiter of reality.
I recently earned a PhD in a humanities field, and I'm currently gainfully employed as a research software engineer at a major university. I'm making less than I did when I was in tech just out of college, but more than many of my humanities colleagues in various positions between the PhD and the tenure track.
My point is not to brag about being able to get into tech with a humanities background, but to say that I don't think I'm anything special. When I was first applying for tech jobs out of college, I drew on my training in literature and human languages to guide my learning and application of CS fundamentals. I admit that I caught a lucky break with companies willing to take a chance on someone with a non-traditional background, and I'm grateful to have these skills to draw on if a traditional academic career doesn't work out for me. But I think my story is repeatable.
But back to the original point: rather than denigrating the value of a history PhD, it's important to question the market forces that have created this kind of precariousness for people who possess not only important knowledge about the past but, more importantly, the training and skills to use that knowledge to interpret the present.
The assumption that jobs are available to people because of what they _know_ is based on faulty logic that comes from the MBA-ification of everything -- the obsession with "deliverables."
Really, what PhD training in any discipline brings is both a deep pool of knowledge and the training to synthesize and use those "facts" in novel ways.
> ChatGPT is destroying the freelance writing market
Relatedly, this statement only makes sense if one assumes that we have given up on teaching everyday people -- non-specialists -- the importance of the medium for a message's delivery, dissemination, and broader understanding. "ChatGPT is destroying the freelance writing market" because we have collectively failed to reinforce the value of human perspectives on an issue.
Allowing "The Market" to dictate reality has led to schisms in shared truth like climate change denialism. We need interpreters of history, literature, drama, etc. in order to get back to any hope of getting back to broad agreement about what the world is.
Will we ever get everyone to agree? Of course not, but market forces can't repair these divisions.
As the old Upton Sinclair quote goes, "It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it."
The market doesn't dictate reality - it is part of reality.
If a skill isn't needed, there won't be a demand for it, and it won't pay well, no matter how many years of learning and personal growth are required to acquire the skill.
The big bad market refusing to pay historians a good wage is just society's built-in mechanism for trying to guide people into doing things that are most needed.
A lot of the humanities were historically aimed at rich kids who don't need to engage with the labour market; we really shouldn't be encouraging middle-class kids to take on a mountain of student debt when they should be focusing on maximizing their earnings.
Your explanation is an exemplar of constrained thinking. Thinking
inside the box, or having limited horizons [0].
You start off correctly; markets are "part of reality". That rightly
implies some other "rest of reality", does it not?
You then define all value only within the limited logic of
markets. And wish to a universalise it as "society's built-in
mechanism".
Mathematics is a "humanity". Reading some, you'll gain understanding
of Gödel, Whitehead and Russell who would alert you to the logic that
a system can't deal with what's outside itself.
Markets are a system. A very simplified one.
Humanities are precisely that project that transcends simple models
like markets. Humanities attempt to cover a bigger,
meta-reality. It has nothing to do with "rich kids". Some of the
greatest philosophers, writers and scientists (what we call 'STEM' now
was once "natural philosophy") were dirt poor.
To be more frank, to think only about markets and "maximising
earnings" is stubborn, insular and self-limiting. It's a great way to
stay cloistered and never contribute anything of value to the world.
Sure we have professional economists. But not everyone should reduce
them-self to the level of economics.
[0] EDIT: these are not words meant to insult or belittle - they are
to mean exactly what they mean on face value. There is no 'shame' in
thinking with limited horizons, or seeing in an involuted way if
you've been exposed to nothing else but are open minded to imagine
there is more to the world.
> You then define all value only within the limited logic of markets.
Not all value, just monetary one. There's plenty of valueable activities that do not pay much or even a dime. However, the discussion revolved about making a living, not what's valueable in the abstract. And, regarding making a living, it's true that plenty more people want to be paid as historians that other people have a need for.
I respectfully acknowledge that you aren't the parent to whom I was
responding and that you're jumping in with your own contribution.
But I do not think the "discussion revolved about making a living"
Indeed, it's something of an irritating HN trope/style to try steering
the narrative by telling other people what the "discussion is
actually all about"
As I see it the main theme here was the low social status of academic
work in general.
I realise, and sympathise, that a lot of HN posters are deeply anxious
about "making a living".
My disagreement with the parent is the claim that "the market" is:
"" just society's built-in mechanism for trying to guide people into
doing things that are most needed. ""
Markets are awful at determining what is "needed". They're great at
figuring out how to satisfy people's superficial desires and great at
making money. Look around you. Millions of people doing pointless
make-work jobs in advertising and "the financial industry". Meanwhile,
we keep failing to solve the most elementary challenges of a
sustainable, healthy environment, which is surely a fundamental
need.
For me, this where Neo-liberalism falls flat. Markets cannot tell
society anything about what is needed. Society must tell markets what
is needed... however we achieve that. And so to see things only from
within the frame of "market think" is to remain blind to most of
reality.
Markets are society telling itself what is needed.
People want lots of plumbers, so they pay for it. Not many people want to be plumbers, so they get paid a lot.
People want one or two historians, so they vote and pay tax for it. Lots and lots of students would rather be historians than plumbers, so they don’t get paid a lot.
If you want people to want a sustainable economy, be less smug and judgemental and convince them to vote and pay for it.
I'd be very curious to know how old you are, where you were educated
and how you got these ideas.
The idea that markets literally are society seems not only wrong to
me, but an extremist and quite dangerous idea.
Instead of spending time convincing random people to vote for plumbers
of historians, I'd rather convince one person to take a wider look at
the world and question the views they've been raised on.
Is there even the slightest possibility that you're wrong? That maybe
society is more than just "markets"?
I don't agree with your political positions so clearly the problem is with me. I'm too old, too young, uneducated, or educated in the wrong place.
First of all, I'm surprised you can't see the simple truth that markets are an emergent property of any community. You yourself are part of various markets - every time you choose from an array of options, even if they're all free; every time you produce anything at all, you're in a market. That this isn't obvious to you makes me question why I bother talking to you.
Second of all, your attitude is absolutely smug and insufferable. You're convincing a negative number of people to see things your way. It's so wild to me that an entire half of the political spectrum in the West adopts this attitude, and when they lose there's an immense wailing and gnashing of teeth about how the other side is brainwashed. Meanwhile, the answer to their problems is in the mirror.
You're right Fred, we just don't see the world the same way
I personally don't think the idea of "markets" has much to offer the
world now, it's an outdated and immature way of trying to see complex
things in a simple way.
Sorry we can't seem to have a more grown up conversation about it, but
not only are you inflexible you've crossed the line into making
personal remarks which is unacceptable.
the problem is that having a healthy community of scholars doing good historical research using sophisticated methods, produces a lot of positive externalities. most people never engage with it but having such people around does limit historical bullshit. this has been good for society. but it's now falling apart.
I agree it’s a positive, but each one of us has to sell our value-add to the rest of society. This is actually a wonderful constraint to have because it keeps each of us in touch with the rest of humanity
Is it really falling apart? The US universities hire many, probably thousans or even tens of thosands, of excellent history professors. What's the problem with it?
I'm a math PhD, was a tenured professor and then transitioned to industry. We've got two humanities PhDs that work as QA testers on our team. They're both fantastic, especially in thinking about either big picture questions or nuanced takes that others missed out on.
Considering the length of the road they took to become QA testers, they had better be. This is more evidence that humanities studies are a substantial stumbling block, in terms of career growth.
Appreciate this post, and will add my voice to it. Current senior manager in technology whose only academic credentials are undergrad and grad degrees in history and (non-quantitative minor) economics.
I do think my career stalled a bit as a result of studying these things, but that's a consequence of the same market thinking you're challenging. The people who hired me are happy they gave me the chance, and presumably like OP said, we aren't that special and there are tons of other talented people who can do this work being ignored because of an excess concern for credentialism.
I worked as a lawyer from 2007-2014. Most of the partners I worked for had PhDs and had taught at least briefly in the 80s-90s. They went back to school to get JDs (their PhDs were in unrelated fields) and now make very good money as biglaw partners. One is married to a professor at an R1, but that's the extent of their connection to higher ed.
The lack of jobs for PhDs has been a trend for several decades. These guys are smart and are successful. They came from all different fields. And if they hadn't detoured into academia they would have had an extra 10-15 years of legal earnings (or the ability to retire that much sooner).
Status and autonomy. Even an adjunct professor still gets addressed with a honorific. You rarely have anyone yell at you or look over your shoulder as you work. And, as a friend who has a TT job at a Canadian University recently observed, it is generally the adjuncts who most adopt the professorial look: sweaters, jackets with elbow patches, horn-rimmed glasses.
So long as these things are enticing to enough people, supply will outstrip demand and wages will fall.
I think this is an underrated point in these discussions. There are three components to every job: how much value other people get out of you doing it, how much value you get out of doing it, and how many other people want to do it. Whether it's game development or adjunct prof'ing, employers know when the job their offering has benefits beyond pure salary, and they adjust that salary accordingly. The humanities grad students I knew weren't stupid. They could see the statistics in front of them. But staying the university world for a bit longer, and seeing other people do the same, tempted them down that path, and continues to tempt a surprising number of them.
Academia is one of the very few places where you can do research of your choice. If your theory is like a bug in your brain then you have few other options.
You can’t do that either. You are dependent on grant funding which means you can’t just research what you want, you need to tailor it to what the grant writer wants. If you want to truly research what you want you need your own huge pile of money.
Even in academia the freedom of inquiry is circumscribed by performance expectations by peers and administrators, especially pre-tenure. While tenure-track professors do not have managers telling them what to research and how to go about doing it like many industry researchers do, they are often expected to publish regularly (preferably in top venues, and at top universities this is required), do “impactful” work (where “impact” is often measured by citation counts, awards, examples of adoption by industry, etc.), and raise money for the university by acquiring grants. Grant agencies such as the National Science Foundation have their own requirements that have a way of circumscribing a professor’s research direction, and they are very competitive to earn.
So, it is more accurate to say that academia gives professors the freedom to run their own research organization, but if that professor wants a good shot at getting tenure and staying in the good graces of the university, the professor needs to be mindful of the expectations that the university has placed and the requirements of funding agencies. Even if a professor is mindful of these things, research is inherently risky, and a professor runs the risk of not getting tenure due to research results and grant-earning efforts not meeting expectations.
This is distinct from the idea that a professor can do whatever research he or she wants. Theoretically this is true in the sense that there will be no manager watching over the professor’s shoulder, but if the professor isn’t meeting the university’s performance expectations for publications and grants, the professor won’t make tenure, and even post-tenure the university could find ways to make life difficult for the “unproductive” professor.
I’ve thought long and hard about this, and I personally believe that a professor actually has more freedom in predominantly teaching environments. At teaching-oriented universities, the publication and grant-earning requirements are typically lower than that of research universities. At all-undergraduate colleges, sometimes there are no expectations for research. Of course, reduced research requirements mean increased teaching requirements, which could be challenging for researchers who don’t have an interest or talent for teaching. But for those who love teaching and who want reduced or even non-existent “publish or perish” pressure, then a teaching-oriented institution is a great alternative. Even if one’s research is restricted to winter and summer breaks due to the workload of teaching, this certainly beats trying to do research as a hobby on nights and weekends while juggling a 9-5 job and only getting 2-4 weeks PTO per year.
This is true, but what makes academia attractive is the idea of being paid to do research. One doesn’t have to be in the NBA to play basketball, but there’s a world of difference between playing at the local park versus being on the Golden State Warriors.
Of course, the reality of research careers is quite different from the pursuit of research itself. They’re quite competitive, especially in fields that lack a lucrative industry, and there are many restrictions on freedom that many people aren’t aware of until they actually become researchers. I learned these realities the hard way, and I’m in the process of restructuring my life to where I can pursue research as a hobby rather than as a paid profession.
Of course, the hardest part about pursuing research as a hobby is making a living outside of it. If a person who wants to be a researcher is aware of this reality, then he or she could prepare by developing some marketable skill, product, or service and use that to make a living while devoting time outside of money-making to research. However, for those deep in research or academia who feel trapped in postdocs, adjunct positions, or other unfulfilling positions but who spent their who careers preparing for an elusive permanent research job without developing other skills, it can be a very painful transition, even if in the long run stubbornness results in an even more painful outcome.
> One doesn’t have to be in the NBA to play basketball, but there’s a world of difference between playing at the local park versus being on the Golden State Warriors.
Depends on the research field. For example, Einstein did some of his best work without any university affiliation.
This is true; one doesn't need a university affiliation to do research in many fields. In Einstein's case, he famously worked as a patent clerk during his day job while working on his research during his spare time. However, there is a difference between pursuing research as a unpaid side activity versus being paid to do research; that is the sentiment I wanted to express with my local park vs. NBA analogy. While arguably pursuing research as a hobby provides a great deal of freedom (e.g., no publishing or "impact" demands from management because there are no managers), the problem is making a living that is sufficient for paying for shelter, food, and other necessities typically requires 40 or more hours per week of work, which relegates research to nights and weekends, which I don't believe is enough time to engage in deep work, though it's not impossible and there are many people who have done this, Einstein included (https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/mileston... and https://www.ige.ch/en/about-us/the-history-of-the-ipi/einste...). It just requires a job that is not too intellectually demanding. On the flipside, working as a paid researcher means you don't have to worry about trying to carve out free time to do your research. However, "he who pays the piper calls the tune" has become the mantra of research institutions these days; the days of pure curiosity-driven research, whether in academia or in industry (pre-divestiture Bell Labs and Bob Taylor-era Xerox PARC), are long past. These are the tradeoffs of being a researcher these days, and I've come to know this the hard way.
As someone who was very into photography as an undergrad and observing the reality of the profession for almost all photographers, I basically made the almost certainly wise decision to get a "real" job and do my photography as a hobby.
The article itself is basically a direct description of how people are lured into academia with exactly that expectation, and then end up in the gig economy. Not "choosing" much of anything. The market says you're the academic equivalent of a taxi driver.
There are other locations to consider theory if theory's your thing.
NGOs and Foundations: Earth science, plants, genetics, ecology, astronomy, education, data science, sampling/measurements, foreign affairs, international politics, finance, economics, public outreach. Ex: The Carnegie Foundation and Sub-Foundations: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_Yo...
Gov: support of aeronautics, engineering, data science, computer science, forestry, agriculture, architecture, almost every hard science, economics, finance, law, even recreational specilists. [1] Feds have ~3M employees. States have ~5M employees. Local govs have ~14M employees. [2]
A lot of the jobs are workaday jobs, yet there's still a bunch out of ~22M that are somewhat "research". Formerly a contractor at NASA, and even for a contractor (not civil servant), seven publications. Mostly, minor citations, maybe 10-15, yet still, seven publications on research topics.
When I was at IBM around 2010, they offered $250 for filing patent, then $750 when the patent office approved it, usually after 3-8 years -- if you were still at IBM.
Then after a few years, they swapped those numbers around, so that if you'd been waiting for your $750 bonus, you'd get $250.
But it's a bit complicated because if you just buy plots then cattle farming will buy different plots. So you need to setup an incentive structure to pay dividends for sitting on undeveloped rain forest
This was republished in violation of the Time Travel Ban of 1954, which was later repealed in 1942 and reinstated in 1941. The ban remains in effect until 2066 and finally legalized in 2051 with restrictions of no travel before 2025 due to the "intervention leading to the Temporal Event of 2015".
The actual answer is that arbitrators are liable for their judgements.
If you had your hand cut off by your manager for being 5 minutes late to work and sued your company only to find out it had to be dealt with by binding arbitration, and in the course of discovery you found an email from the CEO and the board telling managers to start cutting off people's hands if they are 5 minutes late to work, and then the binding arbitrator said that the company did no wrong, then they have exposed themselves to a potential lawsuit without the protection of a binding arbitration agreement.
So, just like a fiduciary financial manager, they have a responsibility to act and judge in a way that will stand up to possible external scrutiny.
Thank you. That does make sense. But do lawsuits against arbitrators happen with any non-trivial frequency? From the little I know, lawsuits against arbitrators are not a serious threat that arbitrators face.
But even so, all an arbitrator need to do is rule in favor of the corporation whether there is a thread of an argument in their favor, then ruling against the corporation in the remaining tiny fraction of cases.
> why do arbitrators ever rule against the companies that pay their fees?
Both sides choose the arbitrator. If an individual arbitrator consistently rules against one category of claimants or defendants, lawyers will steer clients against them and they won’t get paid.
The arbitration service is paid by the company, usually, which is a win for the consumer. But the arbitrator is individually paid only if they’re selected. (They’re also usually retired judges, et cetera.)
Thank you. That does make sense. But as pointed out by the article, typical consumers/workers have no idea about how to choose an arbitrator and do not hire a lawyer.
It is briefly mentioned here that the major driver of the high-end of their tech industry (mostly near Ramallah rather than in Gaza) is Israeli entrepreneurs, who hire teams and also encourage entrepreneurship.
