You are confusing Android with desktop Linux, very different beasts. Just try to open/create a graphical window on a typical Linux distro, after that try to create a simple app on Android and you will understand.
And very different UIs. If by desktop Linux you meant text based programs (no GUIs) than I think, at least technically, it should be possible to use a cross compiler toolchain (based on Clang) from VS 2015.
I think the question isn't so much "Can I make VSC++ Android apps run on Linux" so much as "Can I futz around with linker flags, and get a desktop binary if I point it to the right runtime, start files, and so on?"