Don't come to Sweden without a job. Even then, Sweden is one of the most difficult countries in Europe to migrate to. Society is extremely conservative, and social opportunities to "get to know" Swedes are limited.
Without a solid job offer, you are in trouble. Sweden is having a job crisis at the moment, and only Swedes are being hired. Are you a working professional with a solid CV? No-one cares, there are no jobs for you. Have 10 years experience in a sector? Sorry, you need a Swedish qualification for that job.
Please note that I am employed, integrated, and super happy here. But I have met 100s of expats whose dreams have been crushed by the Swedish system and by the limited social opportunities.
I'm quite tired of hearing people saying Swedish people are "cold." There are plenty of opportunities to get to know us if you put in the effort. Emigrating is always tough.
If you come from the US, you might find that we don't small talk as much. Cashiers, officials, salespeople and the like will engage with you in a completely different way in Sweden, which might come as a bit of a cultural shock when you come to here. As a social introvert, I kind of like it. I also like the US way. Potato potahto.
Being Swedish, I can't really comment on the jobs part.
Actually, I heard that pretty much about every countries and experienced it myself (including in the US where people are supposed to be warm and welcoming) so I'm not sure Sweden is so different. Expats always have a hard time making local friends. The reason is that people have already their friends and routine, plus the language and cultural difference. Even in our own country, I think most of us don't make new friends every day (especially when getting older).
This is pretty common for all nordic countries. It's really tough getting to know people, even if you're native. I recently moved from a small town to the capitol, and struggled to meet new people.
I met a lot of people, but all of them were expats, in the same boat as me. After a few years I now have a few local Norwegian friends, but nothing like where I grew up. That said - when you get "accepted" into a group, they'll treat you really nice, and introduce you to a lot of people.
Scandinavians, and especially Norwegians are really reserved to strangers. You'll rarely be talked to in public by a stranger or something like that. It's just a cultural thing.
> I met a lot of people, but all of them were expats
I actually really like this about Copenhagen. You can meet a ton of interesting people, from all over. It's often easier to meet them than in their home countries, too, because you have this being-foreign thing in common. I've met a bunch of Spanish and German people in Copenhagen who I doubt I would've met in Spain and Germany, for example. Compared to other places where that might happen I think it's particularly ideal because there is so much use of English as a lingua-franca in public settings: many events, talks, meetups, university programs, cultural programs, etc. are in English, even when there are few to no native English speakers present, and the crowds they attract are very multicultural (lots of Danes, lots of foreigners from European countries, and a few non-European foreigners). So it's not only these little expat ghettoes like the "Italians in Germany club" that foreigners can go to. Rather, lots of public events are just routinely multinational. For example the monthly meetup of Copenhagen game developers is in English and typically has 10+ nationalities represented.
I assumed Stockholm would be similarly multicultural, but perhaps not?
I'm Swedish and I emigrated first from Sweden to France and then France to the US. I can't speak about going the other way, but having done this twice I think it takes a long time to make _real_ friends with locals almost anywhere if you are past college. Lots of interesting people are busy and have limited time.
If you're a kid or in a primarily social environment like college it's obviously a bit different. I moved both for college and my first job and made tons of friends right away, some of which I still stay in touch with.
> I'm quite tired of hearing people saying Swedish people are "cold."
For what it's worth, I think Norwegians kind of are. I say that as a shy (which can come off as cold) Norwegian. I think that our social lives can become very compartmentalized, which I guess hurts outsiders like new countrymen disproportionately.
Swedes are generally shyer to start talking to people we don't know than e.g. the Irish (or Danes). It takes longer to get friends. This is not only bad.
The Finns are, well, more Swedish than the Swedes. :-) While partying they are more open than Swedes, which makes partying a bit "too" fun, your mileage will vary.
The main problem with Stockholm is rather getting someplace to live. (Probably partly from lobbying and partly from political Moment-22 problems. The press seems to dependent on the political parties to analyze too much...)
(These are generalizations, but they are hard not to make after living in a few places and talking to a bunch of people that moved to Sweden.)
I work at a startup incubator were about 40 companies sit. A big chunk of them, us included, are looking for developers of all sorts. A lot companies are starting to look abroad because there simply aren't enough developers in Sweden. In short I do not agree with you.
If there is a reason to not move to Stockholm it's probably the housing market. Getting a first hand contract for a rental apartment will take you 7-12 years if you are not lucky. If you can afford the upfront 15% to buy an apartment housing is an easier problem to solve though
I've been to Stockholm a half a dozen times for work. Nearly every time I go, I manage to get into have some decent conversations with local Swedes. That certainly isn't the same as living there and getting to know them socially -- they seem more outgoing than Finns ;). When I lived in Helsinki, getting to know locals was also quite difficult -- even with normal activities outside work (martial arts classes, yoga, meditation, etc).
In th tech sector, it doesn't really matter where you come from as long as you speak English. If English is your first language, even better.
The problem with getting a job in Sweden, which can be surprisingly hard is because a) worker protection laws are strong, bordering ridiculous. You can literally not fire the worst person on your team and hire someone else. b) salaries are comparably flat with high entry level salaries. Due to strong unions and high taxes on work, minimum wages are high ($10-20 depending on sector) and the minimum cost for hiring someone could be 50% higher including fees/taxes. This means there are no cheap employees. Together with generous benefit systems, the equilibrium unemployment is high, so there will always be a pool of people speaking Swedish that can take the job you are after. For unskilled immigrants without good English skills, this is a huge obstacle, there are thousands of people that literally cannot "produce" value that matches the cost of employing them. On the positive side, once you have a full time job, you can provide for a family, without working a second job or more than 40h/week.
For skilled and/or English speaking immigrants, coming here shouldn't be a problem.
I don't know about Sweden specifically, but usually in Europe if you're under 30, you can just get a working visa, show up and look for work. If you're 30 or over, you need to have an offer of work before you can get a working visa.
Yes, you can show up, but you won't get a job unless you speak fluent Swedish. Maybe if you are a specialised engineer/IT. Even then, the Swedish applicant will be picked first.
Back when I was 31, I considered the antipodean tradition of getting a working visa somewhere in Western Europe and doing odd jobs ('bar work' is the traditional one, but I would have gone for other unskilled labour). A sort of working holiday. Then I found out about the 30-year-old cut-off...
In my experience this is not at all true. I would say that Swedes are known for their fluency in English and not knowing any Swedish, but speaking English, is not a problem in Sweden at all. I have people at my job that have lived here for 7-8 years and have still not learned to speak Swedish but manage to stay employed regardless.If you speak English and is good at what you do, you will find a job.
Interesting perspective. I kind of wondered why a quality-of-life video was being produced by the tourism board, not some other entity like a chamber of commerce or city government.
Very cool video for what is indeed a wonderful city. Yet it is also a very, very, very expensive city. I remember the last time I returned home from a trip to Stockholm, the relief I felt as the wheels hit the runway: "Aaaahhh... finally back in the land where things are affordable!"
(As a point of reference: I live in central London.)
Stockholm is not much more expensive than London really. Try Oslo and the rest of Norway for expensive - ~30% higher prices than Sweeden, Norwegians make shopping trips to Sweeden on weekends.
IMHO when you're in a foreign city you don't know where to shop cheaply, so it feels more expensive than your home.
I don't know if that's sarcasm, but you pay that in most large US cities for housing and nearly that for a burger (a nice burger, or one with a drink and a side - obviously not from McDonalds or similar).
The rent is not bad for a nice, low-crime, walkable/bikeable, stuff-happenin' urban area, that's true. Certainly cheaper than NYC/Boston/SF. And you can pay less than $1500/mo if you're willing to go 20 minutes out on commuter rail.
Eating out is pretty pricey, though, unless your reference point is Norway. You can pay $30 for a burger+beer in the U.S., but it has to be something pretty unusual. On the other hand, one reason eating out is pricey is that wages are more equal, which I generally like. As a tech person, in the U.S. things are cheap because one hour of a tech person's earnings pays for like 5-20 hours of a restaurant worker's time, but in Denmark it pays for more like 2-3 hours of their time.
Well, pre-tax and tip, a burger at most sit-downy restaurants these days is 11-13 bucks, that's with no avocado bacon mushrooms whatever. Get a drink for $2.75 and with tax and tip you're at about $20, which was the originally quoted number.
For what it's worth, I agree that equality in wages is a good thing.
Ummm, I'm used to rents on _houses_ being about $1,200-$1,500/month, and a good burger costing $10-15 on its own. I live in the prosperous capital of a Western state with a good tech job market, FWIW.
I'm comparing to places I've lived and cared about rent in, which are Los Angeles, the Bay Area, and now Seattle. You'll never find a _house_ for anywhere near that anywhere near these places.
I recently relocated from Oslo to London. My living costs in London are higher than previously, mainly I think because housing standards are significantly lower in the UK. Certain things are cheaper in the UK, such as food, drink, and eating out. But housing prices are quite extreme.
Housing is more expensive in SF and NY, but most consumer goods/services are more expensive here due to the high VAT. High taxes bring other benefits, but it's always tough to part with your hard-earned quatloos.
A cup of coffee will be $4-5, a beer out is somewhere around $9-10, a T-shirt might cost you $30-40. A nice flat in Stockholm will cost you $1500-2000/mo. Of course, you can always find cheaper/pricier alternatives, but these are pretty normal prices.
Afaict the biggest problem with Stockholm flats isn't the price, but getting them at all, unless you can afford to buy one. The waiting list to rent is like 10+ years for central locations!
It depends a lot on your personal situation, but if you subtract stuff you'd otherwise have to pay for, the taxes aren't that high in Scandinavia, in my experience. For example, I pay ~35% effective income tax in Denmark, but that includes my healthcare, which in the U.S. is paid for separately. When I lived in the U.S., insurance premiums came right out of my paycheck, like taxes did, another ~10% of my income taken off the top. The balance is even more favorable if you have kids: paid paternity and maternity leave, subsidized childcare, free preschool, no saving for college, are all benefits included in that tax payment.
If you're in Sweden for a startup it's 20% for dividends and 30% when you're selling your stock. If you're there for a paycheck you probably won't make much more than $50k.
"Requirements for obtaining a residence permit as a self-employed
In order to obtain a residence permit, you must:
- have a valid passport
- show that you have significant experience in your field and
previous experience of running your own business
- have documented knowledge in Swedish and/or English
- show that you are running the business, that you have the ultimate responsibility for it and that you own at least half of the business
- show that the business' services or goods are sold and/or produced in Sweden
- show that you have sufficient funds to support you and, if applicable, your family during the first two years (equivalent to SEK 200,000 for you, SEK 100,000 for your spouse and SEK 50,000 for each accompanying child)
- show that the business, following the two-year probationary period, is expected to be able to support yourself and, if applicable, your family.
The Swedish Migration Board will assess your business plans from a financial perspective."
This is all very reasonable and pretty unusual.. i wonder how many migratory pressure the country is feeling usually, given the instability in some regions of the world that have Europe as a common migratory target.. it looks that the political class can keep its own sanity, even when pressure may be higher..
I wonder how much of this resonable migratory pressure is given to the Welfare state policy..
Stockholm's startup community has really blossomed in recent years. I think two reasons behind it are:
1. A more competitive tax policy (http://forumblog.org/2014/06/europes-top-ten-competitive-eco...).
2. More VC and Angel captial available as a result of previous Swedish unicorns such as Skype, Spotify and King.
A great city to live in indeed. But as someone who's stayed here for over 20 years the winters are still unbearable. Mind you, all of the perks in the video are something I appreciate each day – but the cold and lack of sunlight 8 months a year takes a toll on you – especially if you enjoy being outdoors more than indoors.
I grew up in Sweden and I second that. Stockholm imo is literally paradise on earth three months per year, especially the archipelagos. I've never seen a place like it, unbelievably beautiful, people are so full of life, you can wear a t-shirt at 5am, temperature is perfect, and so forth.
The problem is that the rest of the year it's pretty miserable weather wise. You notice a huge difference if you visit Swedish friends in the Winter and Summer, they're just totally different people.
I love snow and I don't mind the cold much. It's the darkness that is an issue. Some people go to hospitals to get "light therapy" and even if you live in Stockholm (which is rather far south) you'll probably have 15 minutes of sunlight per day - on your way to and from lunch. It will be dark when you go to work, and dark when you come home.
Frankly, the best thing with coming from Sweden is that you get better weather wherever you move (except Iceland, Greenland -- and England). :-)
That said, I'd like to be more in .se in the summers than I can do now. It is so beautiful with the light, the forests and the lakes.
Edit: I don't mind the cold, but: For yellowapple and others -- the lack of sun influences your hormone levels, people are a bit different in the winter. I was amazed when I saw discussion of SAD among Californians; up in Scandinavia, it is just how it is. I didn't even note it, unless I went on a winter vacation.
>>it looks decently typical for a Scandinavian city at its latitude.
I did write "Sweden", not Stockholm, so yes.
(Sure, north Sweden is a different subject.)
(I had fun on Facebook yesterday when the Finns told about their snow. :-) It is very uncommon in June.)
Edit: To move inside Scandinavia isn't really moving to a foreign country, Dewie. I lived in Helsinki a few years, really nice but it was disappointingly non-exotic.
Edit 2: And for Norwegian weather -- check climate of Bergen for rain. (That said, a wonderful city to live.)
It seems I stepped on some sensitive (Norwegian?) toes here by a sloppy formulation seeming to imply that Sweden == Scandinavia. :-)
If so, I am sorry about your national pride. The countries and weather are really similar, especially from my present viewpoint from far to the south.
(And if you're just a troll wasting people's time, get a life kid.)
Edit: It seemed from other comments you are Norwegian, so I assumed you knew all about the local weather. (I.e. similar, maybe a bit warmer and more rain in Norway, depending on exactly where.)
Yes, I was really offended that you would imply that Sweden has a worse climate than Norway. I guess.
Asking a simple question is like pulling teeth with you - now you've been through living in different Scandinavian cities, how non-exotic they are, and my national pride - when all the original question was about was the weather. Thank me for wasting your time? Likewise.
These crazy, bicycle riding, northern European hippies talking about recycling, 'health, safety & security', exceptional quality of life! You communists!
Give me my car, suburban house, gun, and private healthcare. Give me my freedom back!
</sarcasm>
Good for Stockholm and Sweden. I only wish cities and companies valued these as much as many of us do. Focusing on making cities more liveable, easy to move around, safe, etc are big problem/concerns off people's backs; and there is a direct economic benefit to all of these.
As someone who once upon a time worked as a bike riding mailman in Sweden, it's largely fine. :)
There's a good amount of bike lanes, and they are largely snowy in the winter rather than icy (due to not as much traffic as the main roads), or they are graveled when there is ice, so it's rare that it is too slippery (biking on snow is fine, ice can be messy). You have to go a bit slower than normal, sure, but it's hardly a problem.
Cold isnt a problem - you do fine with like a fleece down to minus 10 or so, and most places aren't colder than that very often (unless you are very far north).
Rain is the same as anywhere - no problem as long as you have some protective gear.
Thats just the winter though - summer it is perfect.
If you live in a city, the bicycle roads will be plowed regularly. Get a wind stopping jacket and pullover for your trousers. Use two pair of gloves. (You will get warm from bicycling, don't use a too warm jacket.)
And use winter tires for the bicycle, they are pure magic.
So maybe we won't need to wait for the "decade or two" you mentioned. But for what it's worth, while living there (in Umeå, actually) for half a year I got the feeling that people really do set priorities differently. I'm hoping Swedish society will more or less stay that way. Even if that society is based on "peer-pressured conservative egalitarianism". For I like to know that there's a place I can go when I've had enough of peer-pressured competitive consumerism.
I've lived/worked in many cities/counties around Europe and have also lived in Boston, and one thing is for sure, there is no one perfect country – I don't take all of what the video says at face value. We (humans) think it is always greener on the other side, but it is rarely the case. Regardless, some of things that work, work very well, and are big problem solvers for citizens. See the case of public healthcare all around Europe.
Some people have already mentioned some of the downsides to Sweden (weather, job permits, etc), but to say that what Stockholm (and by extension Sweden) has achieved is "based in peer-pressured conservative egalitarianism" is being short sighted – the same could be said of Russia and other eastern European countries, and yet here is Sweden. What has made this possible are the people, who have made it pretty clear what their priorities as a society are on healthcare, environment, energy, education, etc. This doesn't happen because a country closed their borders (I take it you have a bad view on immigration), and by a stochastic process all this goodness happened. This has happened by design (and yet it is no problem-free, only better).
The website makes it sound like it's relatively simple to move there for work, and permanent residence seems to be granted after 4 years working there. Can someone confirm that it is really that simple? What is the situation like for software developers who already have experience abroad (my case, I'm from Brazil but currently working in the US)?
If you have an offer of full-time employment, it's relatively easy (especially in the technology sector, since "in-demand" areas have some extra deference). This is sometimes called "sponsorship", but unlike the U.S. H1B process, the company doesn't really have to do anything besides offering you a job. But, it's not easy to move there without a job offer.
It is pretty easy to do get a job offer in our industry.
And employers know that the visa/work permit process is easy, quick (typically a few weeks) and predictable, so there is a lot less bias against foreign applicants than in e.g. the US.
Yeah, I agree it's pretty easy if you want to move to Sweden to work at a tech job. But I think it's a reasonable caveat; some people might want to move to Sweden for other reasons, like starting a company or as a base of operations for freelancing, and that's considerably harder.
IMO Scandinavia is actually a great place to be a freelancer, even for foreigners, if you can build a modest network. High cost of living, but no worry about health/benefits being tied to your job, very English-friendly, and a lot of part-time/freelance tech work that pays well. But it's very hard to get the formalities sorted out for that, unless you first get an EU citizenship or permanent residency via another route.
Can someone on a visa switch jobs? In the U.S. changing jobs while on a visa resets the residency process, which indentures the employee to the employer.
For the first year, you're tied to your employer. After that, you're free to change jobs, but only within your field of work.
You need to reapply for the work permit when you change jobs or every two years (max validity duration), which is quite painless. After 4 years you should get permanent residence, and no longer need any permits.. This is the process for most non-EU residents.
It's (for now, anyway) a fairly routine process. If you've been a legal, self-sufficient resident of Sweden for 4 years, you get permanent residency after a straightforward application.
There is some debate over adding a Swedish-language requirement, but there isn't currently one. That is one of the two difference with Denmark: if you're a non-EU immigrant to Denmark, you need to live there 5 years under the same conditions rather than 4, plus pass a middle-level Danish competency exam.
Unfortunately, considerably harder. There is a visa category (in Denmark, also, which I'm somewhat more familiar with), but it's not anything close to the almost-a-rubber-stamp process that the pending employment offers category is. Things will go most smoothly if you have venture capital or revenues already, and you want to move the business there.
There is considerable general interest in startups, and people talk about doing something to make it easier to get a visa to start a company. But there are still some roadblocks preventing a more streamlined process. One is that people aren't sure how to judge a legitimate startup, from any random person who claims to be "doing a startup". And there's even some paranoia that your "startup", if not fake, is a real but unsavory business, perhaps some kind of import/export business involving the trade in smokeable plants. Another purely political-coalition-based factor is that the streamlined employment visa categories were pushed through (over some nativist opposition) by big businesses with hiring problems, and so they are narrowly tailored to solve their problem, which is how to get their own new hires into the country with minimal expense/delay.
edit: parent comment was asking about a visa to start a business in Sweden. I think the above might be useful information, so I'm leaving it anyway.
The visa process is straightforward and startlingly efficient compared to other countries in Europe. The train can get you to the immigration offices very easily. The appointment system effective and gets you through the process much faster if you are aware of it. Research the Schengen visa because it is a really great opportunity if you aren't in love with the idea to committing to one country in Europe; the additional career mobility it affords is really fantastic.
The aspect which provides the lowest barrier to entry is that English is spoken widely and well in Stockholm. One somewhat funny and repeated experience is thinking you are being greeted with a friendly American-English "hey!" when entering a store or restaurant, but in fact it is the Swedish greeting "hej", haha.
I'd only recommend moving to Sweden, if you have a family and want a stress free 37.5 hours job. Practically free, but very good healthcare and education for your kids, high pensions and unemployment benefits.
But on average you'll have to live in a lot smaller house/apartment, make less money after taxes, suffer the cold climate (unless you love winter sports). The startup scene is 1/1000th of the Valley.
Sounds good to me! Stress free is what I look for, and not having to worry about health insurance seems awesome. I think it would be a good life for my family.
The weather is not a problem, I love cold climates :)
I have a friend who moved to Sweden from the US (US Citizen) about two years ago, if you have a job offer or a contract i believe it to be fairly easy to get over here.
Great video, but I'm wondering what's going on with this page. There is a giant (700px tall) div with only white text (on a white background) and the video all the way at the bottom.
Several people have commented about a "housing queue".
In much of the USA, we have a mechanism that matches the supply of goods and the demand for those goods, such that there is never a shortage or surplus without externalities.
Funny how you can't legislate away the laws of economics.
Sadly, you can't legislate away the fact that there are always people who have less money. Last I checked, the possibility of getting a rent-controlled apartment in NYC was about the same as it is in stockholm (where you could argue that almost all apartments are rent-controlled).
Even with market rents (which will come sooner or later), you won't find an apartment to rent because no one would build them (more profitable to build to sell, plus there is barely any place to build left in the central city).
The law was recently changed so you can charge the true cost (including interest rates) when subletting, meaning that there is now a market for subletting apartments that uses market pricing more or less.
If you are serious about relocating to Sweden then Stockholm is not your only choice. Other cities may provide even better quality of life depending on what you like. At least also consider:
* Göteborg
* Linköping
* Umeå
How about the language barrier? Is it realistic for an English speaking North American to move to Sweden and work there? I presume Swedish will be their primary language...
In tech it should be fine. I know in the game industry, at least, they don't care what other languages you speak, as long as you speak English. May or may not be true at bigger companies, e.g. if you're in IT in a big mainly-Swedish company.
Though if you want to work at a bigger company, you could try Denmark, where my impression is that English workplaces are multiplying much faster. The biggest private-sector employer, Maersk, a few years ago switched to an officially all-English workplace, and this is becoming common. Their motivation was that as a multinational logistics company, it's too troublesome to have different languages involved: they want to have the flexibility to assign someone from Hong Kong to a Copenhagen-hosted teleconference, or forward them a document created in Copenhagen, so corporate policy is now that everything happens in English, except for a narrow range of things that legally must be done in other languages.
Most people speak English, including bus drivers and anyone else you'll meet. I think the consensus is that swedes probably have the best English of all who don't have it as their first language.
So it isn't just realistic, it's simple. Language-wise you may find it easier than parts of the UK (I'm not even joking).
In the tech sector as well as all larger/multinational corporations English will be the primary language used.
In fact, people who come to learn Swedish are routinely disappointed when they don't get a chance to try it, as the swedes are so delighted to speak English.
We have a love/hate-relationship, but speaking as a Norwegian, being honest and not just wanting to stick it to those damn swedes, I think there is some truth to it. I've always looked at both Stockholm and Copenhagen as more cultured than Oslo. Compared to Oslo, both Stockholm and Copenhagen has a much richer history.
It's sort of like a sibling relationship. Don't dare touch them, or you'll feel the wrath of the other siblings, but internally, we all like to make fun at the others expense. I recommend taking a look at the comic strip Scandinavia and the World, it talks a lot about that, and is pretty funny. [1]
> Compared to Oslo, both Stockholm and Copenhagen has a much richer history.
Well Oslo as a real capital is quite young after all, it has been kind of an afterthought for a lot of its history. And you know who we have to thank for that.
There are many stories how local Social Services kidnap children of immigrants without any chance for repeal. No evidence, just single accusation. I think I will pass.
I think this deserves a reply. First of all, the child welfare system is not allowed to disclose why they take the children, so naturally you get a very one sided view of all stories.
Scandinavian countries are culturally /very/ different from the rest of the world. Child safety is not taken lightly, and physical abuse or risk of sexual mutilation are typical things that they react on. Schools are obliged to contact the child welfare system if there is any suspicion or any wrong doing.
I know the there are some pretty high profile cases with eastern european and middle eastern children involved right now, which I'm sure you are referring to. TL; DR: Don't hit your children. They will be taken away.
The problem is not the first reaction of taking children away, I totally agree with that.
Problem is to get children back after initial claims are not confirmed. They ignore other family members (grandparents, spouse) and just keep piling up excuses, i.e. you have to speak Swedish language.
Don't come to Sweden without a job. Even then, Sweden is one of the most difficult countries in Europe to migrate to. Society is extremely conservative, and social opportunities to "get to know" Swedes are limited.
Without a solid job offer, you are in trouble. Sweden is having a job crisis at the moment, and only Swedes are being hired. Are you a working professional with a solid CV? No-one cares, there are no jobs for you. Have 10 years experience in a sector? Sorry, you need a Swedish qualification for that job.
Please note that I am employed, integrated, and super happy here. But I have met 100s of expats whose dreams have been crushed by the Swedish system and by the limited social opportunities.