This is why rapid switching between two native languages is the easiest way for coordinate bilinguals to talk (listen to Latin American folks on the NYC subway). No tip of the tongue there, and always the most apt expression at the right time.
That's really irrelevant to the point at hand (as well as rather speculative.
The disfluencies that this study looks at regards rarely used words. Fluent casual speech isn't the best place to look for such disfluencies anyway, so i don't know that listening to people on the subway is a good demonstration.
Also, while code-switching may be a way to get around tip of the tongue experiences, it is a considerably more complicated phenomenon, and there is likely to be a variety of other factors and considerations to take into account when studying code-switching.
The speculation isn't unfounded though, although it isn't appreciably strong here. Word choice comes substantially faster when the most efficient expression can be chosen without any self-monitoring. It's quite plausible that in this case you'll find less instances of tip of the tongue.
While the experiment here relied on rare words, and I'm just one data point, but I get ToT probably once for every 2000 words I say. When rapid code-switching is consciously available, I can quickly avert it because I have fast access to good candidate words, which reduces the apparent occurrence.
If ToT is taken as a speech disfluency from unresolved competition for word access, you could mitigate it simply by creating an imbalance between the signal strength such that winner takes all (in which case the subway example does demonstrate something useful, although as you point out, the variables are jumbled up). Somehow I got a deja vu just now. This has been discussed here before, or somewhere, or what I am writing is coming from something else I have read...
I also realize that ToT cannot be reduced to simple competition, but it is also plausible that slow access and competition manifest similarly, i.e. obstructed speech flow, while partial semantic access. WEAVER++ tried to explain this and I liked it very much (obviously I don't know what's state of the art now).
Early-age is probably key. I am French and have lived in the US for a few years and I can feel that I sometime struggle a little with French now... (I'm not saying I'm exactly bilingual though, fluent seems enough to confuse me)
I switch between 3 languages without thought while speaking, however, to write in one I would need to pause for a few seconds to collect my thoughts (I need a whole day to switch context to write poetry or reasoned prose.)
While skimming this text I caught myself saying this to my brother, see how much of it can you understand:
"Accountkayga charge-garee caawa, depositku wuxuu ku dhacayaa yawmayn aw thalatha".
Three English words with Somali conjugation suffixed with a pure arabic phrase. Wrong in three languages :-P
I'm impressed with the people who post here whose native language is not English. Not only do they write passable posts, but they are even more well-versed, phrased, and seem to possess a wider vocabulary than most native speakers I run into. As an American, I am somewhat jealous of that ability.
English is my third language and resent it very much.
You're looking at it wrong. English is the closest thing we have to a human lingua franca. I hope you're not bashing it for nationalistic reasons, because, even if it owes its ubiquity to an imperialist past, English today is the property of its non-colonial speakers as much as its native speakers.
You will appreciate this oddball pseudo-germanic, latin-esque language when you venture out of its home turf: I tutored English to Arab students who were learning it to communicate with Chinese manufacturers, and a Vietnamese musician who wanted to reply to his Myspace fans, including a Thai girl who has a crush on him :-D
IME, it's phonology that has been the most pain, not syntax. I think English as a second language students my just benefit from singing lessons, to make them more conscious of their voice and its production. Once you can hack your voice, you will be able to hear better, and then pronounce better.
Definitely. It's not uncommon when singing to intentionally "mispronounce" certain words to make them more intelligible to the audience. I would think that that skill alone would help without even getting into the tonal aspects.
It's very interesting to see a study with negative effects of multilingualism. I experience this a lot and never even considered it could partially be caused by knowing multiple languages. I'm extremely curious to see how much the effect increases as number of languages does (as far as I'm aware this is fairly common for Europeans)--hopefully it's a diminishing effect!
I am fluent in two languages, and I have encountered the exact problem described in the article: I am trying to recall a word, and find that I can't. At times I can recall the beginning letter, even the rough sound of the word, but not the word itself. Then the word will come to me a few moments later in a flash. The embarrassing part is when this happens during a conversation; I have resorted to filler sentences or repeating myself as my brain searches frantically for that right word.
I used to worry if it was some kind of early warning of Alzheimers ... good to know this phenomenon has a more benign explanation too.
> I have resorted to filler sentences or repeating myself as my brain searches frantically for that right word.
I have gotten into the habit of first declaring what the word starts with, sounds like, and approximates. This lets the listener help me out. Then I usually use a metaphor, which is often inappropriate: "how much groping in the dark did you have when you [started using this analysis software]?" Then I get weird looks but you end up grabbing their attention, sometimes they find the word for you, and other times the vocabulary comes back to you a few sentences later.
In the above example, I didn't find the word, but thankfully the point made its way across. It was further weird because this was at an MRI scanner, so somebody was literally "groping in the dark."
I also remember embarrassingly forgetting the word for "fly" (bug), pointing around in the air, and said, "the, the, the, thing." I use pronouns lavishly too: did you cut a hole in the thing to put the thing in the thing? --> did you cut a hole in the wood block to put the slab's protrusion into the wood block?
I was born and raised Polish and lately I've been talking it way more since my Grandpa is in the country. I've definitely experienced this.
I usually find myself knowing the word in English but instead of it coming out, my brain keeps thinking and trying to spit out the Polish word. Then, a second later it clicks or someone corrects me. It's annoying, but I'd rather speak two languages than just one :)
What I find similarly odd about bilingualism is that often I can't seem to translate one of the languages I speak into another. I don't have any problems expressing my thoughts in whatever form in either language, but converting already thought stuff from one language to the other is extremely hard.
Maybe this stems from the way I learn languages (I've never been able to relate to the classroom-way of teaching; learned everything from talking to friends / reading prose in the foreign language - I don't think about which language to speak in, it just comes naturally, maybe best seen by the fact that I can dream in 3 languages, depending on what language I've spoken most on that particular day), so it might be hard to reproduce so you guys probably can't see what I'm saying, can you. :/
I learned three languages when I was younger (Persian first, then English and Spanish at the same time) and can swap into them instantaneously. However, the languages I learned later (Portuguese and now some smatterings of Chinese) require me to stop, think, and listen for about 10-15 minutes before the language takes over in my mind, and I may converse more fluidly. This contrast alone is quite interesting for me.
Wow, that explains why this happens so often with me and my family. We're all bilingual and quite often can't think of the right word.
However, if we are just speaking amongst ourselves its a lot easier because usually while you can't remember the word in the language you should be using, you remember its synonym in the other language.
i know three languages and i suck at remembering words when i need to. i am fairly good at grabbing onto concepts, but have a hard time remembering the word that's used to describe the concept.
This article made me feel much better about the sense of creeping doom I've developed when I have become unable to think of the English word I wanted. (I'm an American expat who moved to Austria.)
Who cares about the science... I feel validated! :)
