Many of the largest US companies has local branches in Europe, and twitter is no exception here. In this case they have a branch office in Berlin. Im not a lawyer so Im not sure about the exact details, but if there is local presence then they are subject to the laws of that country like any other company, and enforcement should be similar.
He's not subject to any law that I can see. Hence my question, what will EU courts do here? Elon does not care what any courts or governments have told him so far. In the end I think he will threaten something with his German factories and everyone will back down. He's not going to get arrested or anything.