That is just this one particular implementation of Pascal (unsure which one). The language spec does say that it is an error to assign a value out of range, but as far as what this actually means, it only says that "a complying processor is required to provide documentation concerning its treatment of errors".
$ cat a.pp
{$R+}
var
a: 1..12;
b: 1..12;
c: 1..12;
begin
a := 10;
b := 11;
c := a + b;
Writeln(c)
end.
$ fpc a.pp
Free Pascal Compiler version 3.2.2 [2021/05/19] for x86_64
Copyright (c) 1993-2021 by Florian Klaempfl and others
Target OS: Linux for x86-64
Compiling a.pp
Linking a
12 lines compiled, 0.1 sec
$ ./a
Runtime error 201 at $00000000004010D8
$00000000004010D8
$0000000000422EEC
https://onlinegdb.com/3KhhaReLV