> The government support are a combination of low interest loans, import controls and financial subsidies.
There is a very well-understood formula on how to go for from an agrarian society to an industrial one, which has been used going back to the late 1800s:
https://www.amazon.com/Just-Get-Out-Way-Government/dp/193086... is an alternative view at development economics. The title is a bit provocative, (even the author wasn't really happy with it, when I had a chat with him about it). The main thesis of the book is that honest and competent civil servants are the most rare and precious resource a country has, especially a poor one, so policies should economies on their labour.
So eg you should privatise a state-owned company by auctioning it off in one piece to the highest cash-bidder open to all comers from anywhere, no questions asked. Instead of having your civil servants set up a complex system or worse trying to evaluate proposed business plans. Complexity breeds corruption in the worst case, and in the best case still takes up civil servants' limited time.
> On a trip to Turkey in 2018, I read How Asia Works, by Joe Studwell. Despite the fact that it didn’t get everything right, it’s probably the best nonfiction book I’ve ever read.
> As any longtime reader of mine will know, my favorite book about economic development is Joe Studwell’s How Asia Works. If you haven’t read this book, you should definitely remedy that. In the meantime, you can start with Scott Alexander’s excellent summary.
The book goes over what actually happened: it's not theory, it's history. What worked in each country (often the same/similar things), the variations, and where things were tried but went badly (often with analysis on why).
> The book goes over what actually happened: it's not theory, it's history. What worked in each country (often the same/similar things), the variations, and where things were tried but went badly (often with analysis on why).
Alas, in the absence of randomised controlled experiments, it's very hard to infer causality purely from observations. You need a theory to guide you. But observations are still extremely useful, of course.
Just because countries did X and Y happened later, doesn't necessarily tell you X causes Y. In addition to the usual causation vs correlation dilemma, in economics you can even have what looks like reverse causation that goes back in time, because intelligent actors anticipate the future.
(Silly example, if there's a clear sky, and you see many people carrying raincoats and umbrellas, it's likely to rain later. But that doesn't mean that umbrellas cause rain.)
Many of the successful countries in 'How Asia Works' share some ethnic similarities. (Eg many have at least sizeable Chinese minorities or have outright Chinese majorities.) Many of the success stories also have some land reform in their past. The author decided that the latter 'worked' (ie was a causal factor), and ignores the former as perhaps a mere coincidence. Similarly, the author decided that the bouts of industrial policy and protectionism are praiseworthy causal factors.
He almost arbitrarily excludes Singapore as purely a financial centre, even though we have a pretty diversified economy these days, and in the past during the fast catch up growth, we weren't a global financial hub yet. That early development owes much more to the typical 'sweatshop' model that we see in many successful industrialisers, ie (light) manufacturing for export.
> 'How Asia Works' is not exactly economic orthodoxy, to put it lightly.
And yet it describes the historical record of several countries (in the case of Japan, how they did it twice: post-Meiji Restoration and post-WW2).
It goes over countries deemed 'successful' (Japan, Korea, etc), and others (Philippines).
What (particular?) "economic orthodoxy" would you suggest countries follow? What are countries (if any) have followed them, and what are the results? Are there book(s) that you would recommend on how to implement this/these orthodoxies, with case studies or historical examples of implementations?
'How Asia works' describes the historical record of some examples, yes.
There are some correlations between various factors and 'success'. Alas, it's hard to tease out which of the correlations, if any, are causal factors, and which are just coincidences, or worse. [0]
The book guesses at some of these causal factors, and makes policy recommendations.
I am mostly not really convinced by the full list of causal factors the book presents. On the one hand, the book observes protectionism and argues that it's a causal factor in promoting prosperity. That's just the old and tired 'Infant Industry Argument', so we should require quite some evidence to take it serious. On the other hand, the book ignores the possible impact of having lots of ethnically Chinese people in your country. (I don't know for sure whether that's a causal factor, but it sure looks noteworthy and deserves at least as much consideration and discussion any of the other factors.)
I also think the book is too quick to dismiss Hong Kong and especially Singapore. Singapore did not start out as a financial centre, and especially early on manufacturing was much more important here.
> What (particular?) "economic orthodoxy" would you suggest countries follow?
Much of what the successful countries examined in the book have been doing is worth following.
In any case, if you want an orthodox policy recommendation: the Washington Consensus was pretty decent. Lots of examples there.
Well, to be precise: Washington Consensus with the crucial addition that your central bank (if you have one) should be doing something like nominal GDP level targeting.
What that means is that the total nominal spending in your economy needs to be on a stable path. Don't let it grow too much, or you get inflation and overheat the economy. Don't let it collapse, or you get a recession.
See Scott Sumner's or George Selgin's writing for why that's really important and how that can work. (And why it's more sensible than targeting inflation.)
As a cautionary tale, look at Argentina. They were doing fairly well during their neoliberal / Washington consensus phase, but their currency arrangements led to a collapse of aggregate nominal spending in the economy. Alas, the subsequent recession was blamed on neoliberalism.
For examples with stable total spending, have a look at Israel or Australia. (At least until a few years ago, I haven't checked recently.) Both countries' nominal stability let them avoid recessions. Australia is especially noteworthy, because as a resource exporter you'd expect their economic fortunes to be as volatile as commodity prices. See https://marketmonetarist.com/2012/11/19/the-export-price-nor... for an investigation.
https://www.amazon.com/Just-Get-Out-Way-Government/dp/193086... is an alternative view at development economics. The title is a bit provocative, (even the author wasn't really happy with it, when I had a chat with him about it). The main thesis of the book is that honest and competent civil servants are the most rare and precious resource a country has, especially a poor one, so policies should economies on their labour.
So eg you should privatise a state-owned company by auctioning it off in one piece to the highest cash-bidder open to all comers from anywhere, no questions asked. Instead of having your civil servants set up a complex system or worse trying to evaluate proposed business plans. Complexity breeds corruption in the worst case, and in the best case still takes up civil servants' limited time.
[0] When I say 'worse', I have in mind an example like: empirically we can observe a strong correlation between personal wealth and owning a fancy car. Alas, that doesn't mean getting yourself a fancy car will make you rich. Just the opposite, in fact.
There is a very well-understood formula on how to go for from an agrarian society to an industrial one, which has been used going back to the late 1800s:
* https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16144575-how-asia-works
Of course you have to actually follow it, and not get sidetracked with cronyism and such, like the Philippines did:
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalism