You are confusing the `go` toolchain and the binaries generated with Go toolchain.
The `go` toolchain itself is compiled statically, this is why this works without issues even in NixOS. Binaries built with the toolchain may or may not be linked against libc depending if you enable or disable CGO. But this is not related to the toolchain, that will work regardless since the toolchain itself is statically compiled.
Edit: or in other words, the `go` toolchain is built with CGO disabled.