Tailwind's grid support poor. It has no support for named columns, rows, or areas. You basically only have the same grid support as bootstrap.
Container queries are supported (kind of), but without named grid elements to handle the page's layout, their usefulness is severely hampered.
Light-dom web components aren't a css feature per se, but are used to simplify css. It allows you to both scope css to a component while taking advantage of the cascade. (As opposed to tailwind which tries to hide the cascade from developers because it tries to pretend that scoping isn't a thing)
Tailwind doesn't "miss out" on any of these css features.
https://tailwindcss.com/docs/grid-template-columns
https://tailwindcss.com/blog/tailwindcss-v3-2
"Light-DOM web components" aren't a CSS feature... and they certainly aren't one that tailwind prevents you from using.