To my knowledge most rigorously performed studies say no.
For example, here's from my first pubmed result:
> Most MAs as well as the individual RCTs reported null-findings on risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, weight-loss, and malignant diseases.
Rejnmark L, Bislev LS, Cashman KD, et al. Non-skeletal health effects of vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review on findings from meta-analyses summarizing trial data. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180512. Accessed January 5, 2024. https://www.qxmd.com/r/28686645
EDIT(S):
> Although additional studies in unsupplemented individuals are needed to confirm these findings, our results support the view that the association between obesity and lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D may be due to reversed causation with increased adiposity leading to suboptimal concentrations of circulating vitamin D.
Mallard SR, Howe AS, Houghton LA. Vitamin D status and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled weight-loss trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(4):1151-1159. Accessed January 5, 2024. https://www.qxmd.com/r/27604772
> Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss did not increase weight loss or associated factors compared with placebo
Mason C, Xiao L, Imayama I, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(5):1015-25. Accessed January 5, 2024. https://www.qxmd.com/r/24622804
> Body weight in both groups decreased significantly (-7.5% in the vitamin D group and -10% in the placebo group; P < 0.05 for both), with no between-group differences.
Cefalo CM, Conte C, Sorice GP, et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018;26(4):651-657. Accessed January 5, 2024. https://www.qxmd.com/r/29504254
> There was no effect of vitamin D on weight loss.
Bassatne A, Chakhtoura M, Saad R, Fuleihan GE. Vitamin D supplementation in obesity and during weight loss: A review of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism. 2019;92:193-205. Accessed January 5, 2024. https://www.qxmd.com/r/30615949
> Most MAs as well as the individual RCTs reported null-findings on risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, weight-loss, and malignant diseases.
Rejnmark L, Bislev LS, Cashman KD, et al. Non-skeletal health effects of vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review on findings from meta-analyses summarizing trial data. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180512. Accessed January 5, 2024. https://www.qxmd.com/r/28686645
EDIT(S):
> Although additional studies in unsupplemented individuals are needed to confirm these findings, our results support the view that the association between obesity and lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D may be due to reversed causation with increased adiposity leading to suboptimal concentrations of circulating vitamin D.
> Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss did not increase weight loss or associated factors compared with placebo > Body weight in both groups decreased significantly (-7.5% in the vitamin D group and -10% in the placebo group; P < 0.05 for both), with no between-group differences. > There was no effect of vitamin D on weight loss.