The difference is that there's no possible model for this kind of hypothetical phenomena, it's by definition undefined behavior. Imagine a universe where the formula 𝜏=rF would just randomly be violated for no absolutely no reason, such as a person sometimes accidentally throwing a baseball that leaves the atmosphere, or a child accidentally lifting a house. Even the randomness of quantum mechanics can be explained using models that are very consistent and testable, but the only theory we could come up for this wouldn't be based in math, it'd be the equivalent to blaming it on magic, and no amount of advancement in science would ever come closer to explaining it.
How do know the difference between a problem that cannot be solved with math, and a problem you haven't solved with math yet?
Let's say you throw a baseball into orbit. That's very strange, a profound mystery. You tell me that we must live in a simulation. I contend something strange happened which we don't understand, because we only have one datapoint, but that a satisfactory explanation does exist. How do you know I'm wrong?
