I infer from the articles that shares from a given company can be traded on multiple stock exchanges. Can someone knowledgeable confirm that this is right? In that case, why is the symbol for Apple "NASDAQ:AAPL" on Google Finance? http://www.google.com/finance?q=apple
Yes, common stock trades on many exchanges around the world. If you would like to get an idea of how many exchanges, you can use Bloomberg's BSYM data to see the individual tickers:
Search for "AAPL" and type in "Common" into the "Security Type" column filter. A list of exchange code mappings ("Pricing Source" column) to their names can be found in this spreadsheet:
Yup, different types of financial products trade differently.
Stocks and bonds are "fungible" meaning that they can be traded on any exchange that will let them, or even via private agreement which is called Over The Counter (OTC).
Futures are not fungible, so contracts that are traded have to be traded on the same exchange where you got them. The main reason for this is that each futures has a contract specification that would need to be the same across exchanges to be fungible: e.g. one contract of light-sweet crude oil is X U.S. gallons of oil at Y quality... The other reason for this is that once the contract has been traded the exchange (or your broker) assumes the counterparty risk if you or your counterpart default on the contract -- so keeping it all on a single exchange helps everyone keep track who sold what to who.
Currencies are the worst: there is no central market. It's all inter-bank agreements and probably the lightest regulated of the bunch. Retail customers get hosed because it's absolutely legal for your broker to front-run your order and skim a couple pennies off your trade.
fungible means that one item is the same as another. that they can be traded across different exchanges because of that fungibility is not necessarily a property of fungibility.
Yup, there's usually a primary exchange, but a stock can be traded on many exchanges. Years ago people could make money via arbitrage between exchanges. Essentially if stock ABC costed $50 at one exchange, but people were willing to buy ABC at $55 on another exchange, a quick trader could buy the stock at $50 on one exchange, and sell the equivalent on the other exchange for $55, making a "free" $5 without any change in their holdings. Now that we have computerized trading solutions the price difference between exchanges is essentially nil and cannot be taken advantage of unless you have ultrafast computers and access to fiber optic networks.
Typically a company's stock has a primary listing on one exchange, but may trade secondary instruments on another exchange, usually in another country, in order to appeal to that country's investors. I'm not too knowledgeable about the details, but I believe the secondary listings are structured as a sort of indirect way of owning the equivalent of the primary listing. For companies with a primary listing on a non-U.S. stock exchange, for example, they may have a secondary listing on a U.S. stock exchange by wrapping their equity in an instrument called an American depositary receipt (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_depositary_receipt).
“My heart goes out to the guys,” said Larry Tabb, the founder and chief executive of the Tabb Group, a financial research firm. “On the biggest day of their corporate history, their own platform backfired.”
Maybe I'm just reading too much into this, but this quote makes it sound like Tabb really doesn't understand technology. The platform didn't "backfire", the gods of finance didn't frown upon their venture, their code was incorrect. This could have been avoided if they had found whatever bug they hit before they went live. Don't get me wrong, I also feel bad for them because it sucks to have a technical error cause anything more than debugging frustration, but this was preventable.
Everything is preventable (or more correctly, predictable) when you know everything about the system. If we knew everything about the quanta of the universe, we'd know when solar flares and neutrinos and alpha particles were going to affect our satellites and other electronics.
Since we don't know everything (not even everything about our own creations like stock exchange markets and software systems), it becomes risk management. After writing software for decades, I still have no idea whether these circumstances were predictable let alone preventable, but perhaps they could have spent more time considering the minutia of the system writing more tests or whatever. Yes, the mistake was the fault of the humans designing and implementing the system. But that could be said of any (non-natural, human-made) system that fails.
At some point, someone has to decide that code should just be shipped. We're not perfect enough as people to build bug-free systems. Risk comes with releasing "unproven" code. And yes, it's embarrassing when the fit hits the shan in front of the whole world. But I try to avoid becoming one of those jaded people that can't tolerate mistakes on behalf of others nor can admit their own.
I think I came off a bit too grumpy. I full-well know that every bug can't be eradicated before a launch, and I don't hold any ill-will against BATS for it, I was more trying to comment on the persistence of the idea that computers are magic which sometimes rise up to act against their creators. As another comment said, I guess my interpretation of "backfire" is a bit too narrow.
Heisenberg doesn't say that we wouldn't have absolute predictability or control if we knew everything. He says we can't know everything. He's correct, but that doesn't negate my statement.
And it's compounded by quantum effects, multi-body problems, and emergent phenomena.
Your requirement is that we 1) have absolute knowledge of a state of the universe, and that 2) all later states can be predicted from this a priori state.
Heisenberg says "you can never have absolute knowledge".
Numerous other elements argue that even where absolute knowledge is available, it's not possible to predict future states with certainty, or in less than real time.
So, no, everything is not foreseeable.
Mind: some risks are predictable in a probabilistic way, though generally these are good for saying that "in T' period of time, there's P probability of X event occurring", though that's a far cry from saying that event X will happen at time T. Much of my life revolves around clarifying the distinction between these two statements.
An instance which comes to mind: Schneier's blog has mentioned that the 9/11 attacks were statistically probable given terrorism trends. As has been the absence of similar-scale follow-on attacks since. Though with time, a similar magnitude attack becomes a near certainty.
Your interpretation of the word "backfire" is unconventional.
Also, you're trivializing the challenges likely faced by the kind of venture. It's not always possible to find all bugs, unless you want to code in Ada and formally verify things with OCaml and are trying to fly a plane.
The problem could have been caused by a strange hardware defect, a rare bug in a library, etc.
The NYTimes article says that the initial offering of BATS "would have been the first company to be listed as well as traded on the exchange", and the post mortem currently at the top of http://www.batstrading.com/alerts/ (no direct link that I can see) says that the A-BFZZZ shard "encountered a software bug related to IPO auctions".
I read that to mean that this is the first time they've ever used their IPO-related code in production and it failed badly. So it sounds like it was the normal sort of bug, in their own code, and their own IPO directly triggered the bug.
In my opinion, not at all. The stock exchange is an inherently risky market; everbody knows that. The only responsibility you have is to yourself and your own money. That's a far cry from aeronautics.
One interpretation is that the JWH means that people get what they deserve. The connection is your assertion that the markets are risky, people should know this, so quality controls are superfluous.
I infer from the articles that shares from a given company can be traded on multiple stock exchanges. Can someone knowledgeable confirm that this is right? In that case, why is the symbol for Apple "NASDAQ:AAPL" on Google Finance? http://www.google.com/finance?q=apple