Yes, the second invocation will have hot caches. Basically the standard is to either test in a clean environment (e.g. immediately after a reboot) or to run the command until the times stabilize, and then take, say, the middle 3 out of 5 measurements.
What is cached though? DNS? IP routes to the Debian mirrors?
I ran it three more times. Plain install was 50s 48s 47s; eatmydata was 46s 46s 46s.
Installing build-essential probably does enough non-dpkg IO to account for the difference (install scripts etc, for example when libc changes and the system scans for running daemons) but it isn’t much and the delta may well be statistically insignificant.
