I guarantee Java would be vulnerable to the same category of errors even without runtime class loaders. Java puts a lot of emphasis on dependency injection, and has done this for a fairly long time. This takes the form of having classes pull dependencies themselves through some central registry over explicit construction.
It's arguably a symptom of a larger problem the ecosystem's sheer size.
Dynamic linking is not a language feature, it’s a feature of the operating system. If we’re talking about dynamic loading, there are plenty of languages that don’t support this natively, but only through its C bindings (e.g. Haskell).
In what sense? In many popular languages (Perl/Python/Ruby/...) all code loading is dynamic. Java does have more of a built in RMI framework than most languages, but it's rarely used in modern code.
