If the appraisal price goes up 100 out of 200 times (and 100 articles get written by journalists) and goes down 100 out of 200 times (where articles don't get written), it isn't racism 100 times and not-racism the other 100 times.
It's merely variance that gets attributed to racism post hoc. That's why in an example like this you need large N to establish what's actually going on.
If you have a large N and the price goes up 150/200 times and down 50/200 times, then you have some evidence.
Unless of course there's some extra information pertaining to the N=1 case that can help you make that determination with a small N. But such info wasn't provided in the article.
The point is that appraisals appear not to be based on information, but on gut instinct.
I've found no kind of federal regulation, no industry/trade/lobbying groups, only state-based certification bodies perfectly positioned for corruption and lack of checks on their work.
This would seem to have implications for every U.S. property owner.
It's merely variance that gets attributed to racism post hoc. That's why in an example like this you need large N to establish what's actually going on.
If you have a large N and the price goes up 150/200 times and down 50/200 times, then you have some evidence.
Unless of course there's some extra information pertaining to the N=1 case that can help you make that determination with a small N. But such info wasn't provided in the article.