They don't. But half the people got a placebo and half got the vaccine. 185 in the placebo group got covid, with 30 having severe covid, but 11 with covid and 0 severe in the vaccine group got it.
So do you really think that totally by chance, one random group of 15,000 people got a ton of exposure, and another group of 15,000 had little-to-no exposure? The probability of that is quite low.
I am curious why they didn’t test everyone. Is it just a cost/test capacity thing? Wouldn’t testing to catch asymptomatic cases increase statistical power to allow the study to yield results sooner with smaller error bars? Also, isn’t preventing asymptomatic cases an important function of the vaccine (to get to herd immunity)?
So do you really think that totally by chance, one random group of 15,000 people got a ton of exposure, and another group of 15,000 had little-to-no exposure? The probability of that is quite low.