Here is an exert from one state in Australia's police force review from 1994.
This took place _26_ years ago. Even though it was so long ago, it seems to directly reflect solutions mentioned on the site.
For the TLDR crowd:
* Too much force was being used by police
* Mental illness was a factor in some shootings / use of force (4%)
* Standardised training for all police members
* Safety first approach taken:
* - Safety of offender is included in that approach (officers first, public next, offender third)
* - Contain first, avoid confrontation, avoid force
* - If needed, only use minimum force required
* - Forced property entry only as last resort
* All police undertake mandatory 5 day mental health training
* Police to take refresher mental health training every 6 months
* Any use of force - from minor (forced fingerprinting/cuffing) through to major (riots) - to be placed on register for tracking
* Increased trends noticed in force register will be addressed in 6 monthly training
-------------------------
3. Project Beacon
The establishment of Project Beacon followed a number of shooting incidents involving the use of firearms by the Victoria police. Between 1987 and 1994, officers were involved in operational incidents which resulted in the deaths of 29 offenders or suspects. Police were required to attend 15 to 20 incidents per day where use of force was employed and up to three "critical incidents" per week. A critical incident is defined as "any incident requiring police management which involves violence or a threat of violence and is, or is potentially, life-threatening". By mid-1994 this trend became the catalyst for fundamental change in operational safety tactics and training within the Victoria police. Expert analysis revealed that a number of factors may have contributed to this increase; namely, a feeling of vulnerability within the police force, a desire on the part of the community for instant solutions and a belief within the force that "there was no one else to solve these problems".
It was also felt that this trend was in part contributed to by the de-institutionalisation of patients with mental illness in Victoria in the early 1990s. Six of nine fatal shooting incidents in 1994 by police (and one in 1995) involved persons with a mental illness. Statistics revealed that such persons were involved in 44% of all critical incidents reported to Project Beacon between October, 1994 and December, 1995. It was further noted that persons with mental illness were involved in approximately 4% of all "use of force" incidents, i.e., where force is used or threatened by or against the police. Emotionally disturbed persons attempting suicide and/or self-mutilation constituted a further 3.5% of use of force incidents. In general, a significant number of emotionally disturbed persons and people with behavioural problems, who may not have had histories of mental illness, regularly came to the police attention.
A number of reviews, both internal and with the assistance of international policing experts, were undertaken in an attempt to identify solutions. On 6th April, 1994, the Commissioner of the Victoria police, Mr. Neil Comrie, wrote to all commissioned officers emphasising the philosophy that "the success of an operation will primarily be judged by the extent to which the use of force is avoided or minimised".
On 19th September, 1994, Project Beacon was established and involved the standardisation of training so that all officers were trained to the same level of competence. The core principles of Project Beacon inform the response to every incident and the planning of operations which may involve any potential use of force. These core principles may be summarised as follows:
* "Safety First — the safety of police, the public and the offender or suspect is paramount.
* Risk Assessment — is to be applied to all incidents and operations.
* Take Charge — effective command and control must be exercised.
* Planned Response — every opportunity should be taken to convert an unplanned response into a planned operation.
* Cordon and Containment — unless impractical, a cordon and containment approach is to be adopted.
* Avoid Confrontation — a violent confrontation is to be avoided.
* Avoid Force — the use of force is to be avoided.
* Minimum Force — where the use of force is to be avoided, only the minimum amount reasonably necessary is to be used.
* Forced Entry Searches — are to be used only as a last resort.
* Resources — it is accepted that the "safety first" principle may require the deployment of more resources, more complex planning and more time to complete".
The primary principle of Project Beacon is "safety first". The safety of the police officer is paramount, followed by the safety of the public and the safety of the subject. Mr. Shuey utilised the example of a doctor attending a collision to treat a patient: "the doctor wouldn’t stand in the middle of the road to do the treatment of the patient because he would be exposing himself to the risk of being run over by a car". If the police officer is in a position of security, he or she will be more competent and capable of handling the situation. If a police officer is not involved in anything which is unsafe, he will have a clearer perspective of what is happening and be able to deal with the situation accordingly. If you expose a police officer to a "kill or be killed" situation, the risk of a fatal confrontation increases.
A significant objective of Project Beacon was to assist police in dealing with persons with mental illness, emotionally disturbed individuals and persons with behavioural problems. Project Beacon, in collaboration with the Victoria Department of Health and Community Services, developed a comprehensive integrated approach for dealing with such persons which was incorporated into police training courses. The training involved video scenarios and role-playing and in December, 1995, a video called "Similar Expectations" was produced. It offered a range of methods for dealing with persons with mental illness, and provided advice from mental health experts. The video received widespread acceptance in law enforcement and mental health agencies and was automatically incorporated into every police officer’s training; it was not confined to the training of those who participated in dedicated negotiators courses. Further training programmes were developed by persons with expertise in psychiatric mental health with the assistance of a police psychologist.
8,500 police officers, student and operational, were placed on an initial, five day training course complemented by mandatory two-day refresher training every six months. It is now part of ongoing training of police officers in the state of Victoria. Training for the Special Operations Group is rigorous and ongoing, taking place on most occasions when its members are not involved in operational response duties.
A "use of force register" is now maintained by the Victoria Police. Use of force incidents range from the forcible obtainment of fingerprints and handcuffing, through to riot situations. All such incidents are recorded in the register. This enables the police force in Victoria to track the number of incidents where force is a factor, and enables trend analysis in relation to the type of force and weapons that are used. This acts as a "catalyst" for the next six months of training. The information is analysed and if there is an excessive increase in crimes involving firearms or knives etc., the training in the following six months will be highlighted in that direction.
Thank you. Out of curiosity, how long is the training for police officers in Australia? 36 weeks? (here it takes 2 years: trainees sign a contract saying they won't leave the force for a certain period, to justify the expense of their training)
It's around about that amount of time - living on-campus or at home if you're relatively close by. You get paid a wage of $33k USD from the day you start. With it increasing as you get experience. If you quit, it's like any other job.
Another slight difference is we generally only have 1 police force per state. You can transfer between different stations/areas - but they are all under control of a single state body. If you stuff up badly enough to get fired from one - you can't transfer. You could theoretically go to a different state - but you'd need to declare any past history and if it's bad you won't get a job there either.
In total we have less than about 30 law enforcement agencies nation-wide - including state police, military, fisheries, federal police, prisons and border control.
It's my understanding in the US there are many many police agencies - per county as well as schools, banks, etc. Which adds up to around 18,000 over 50 states.
For our schools or shops we have security guards which have different training and far less powers than police. They basically have the similar powers to a normal citizen. They are used more as a deterrent rather than anything functional.
This took place _26_ years ago. Even though it was so long ago, it seems to directly reflect solutions mentioned on the site.
For the TLDR crowd:
* Too much force was being used by police
* Mental illness was a factor in some shootings / use of force (4%)
* Standardised training for all police members
* Safety first approach taken:
* - Safety of offender is included in that approach (officers first, public next, offender third)
* - Contain first, avoid confrontation, avoid force
* - If needed, only use minimum force required
* - Forced property entry only as last resort
* All police undertake mandatory 5 day mental health training
* Police to take refresher mental health training every 6 months
* Any use of force - from minor (forced fingerprinting/cuffing) through to major (riots) - to be placed on register for tracking
* Increased trends noticed in force register will be addressed in 6 monthly training
-------------------------
3. Project Beacon
The establishment of Project Beacon followed a number of shooting incidents involving the use of firearms by the Victoria police. Between 1987 and 1994, officers were involved in operational incidents which resulted in the deaths of 29 offenders or suspects. Police were required to attend 15 to 20 incidents per day where use of force was employed and up to three "critical incidents" per week. A critical incident is defined as "any incident requiring police management which involves violence or a threat of violence and is, or is potentially, life-threatening". By mid-1994 this trend became the catalyst for fundamental change in operational safety tactics and training within the Victoria police. Expert analysis revealed that a number of factors may have contributed to this increase; namely, a feeling of vulnerability within the police force, a desire on the part of the community for instant solutions and a belief within the force that "there was no one else to solve these problems".
It was also felt that this trend was in part contributed to by the de-institutionalisation of patients with mental illness in Victoria in the early 1990s. Six of nine fatal shooting incidents in 1994 by police (and one in 1995) involved persons with a mental illness. Statistics revealed that such persons were involved in 44% of all critical incidents reported to Project Beacon between October, 1994 and December, 1995. It was further noted that persons with mental illness were involved in approximately 4% of all "use of force" incidents, i.e., where force is used or threatened by or against the police. Emotionally disturbed persons attempting suicide and/or self-mutilation constituted a further 3.5% of use of force incidents. In general, a significant number of emotionally disturbed persons and people with behavioural problems, who may not have had histories of mental illness, regularly came to the police attention.
A number of reviews, both internal and with the assistance of international policing experts, were undertaken in an attempt to identify solutions. On 6th April, 1994, the Commissioner of the Victoria police, Mr. Neil Comrie, wrote to all commissioned officers emphasising the philosophy that "the success of an operation will primarily be judged by the extent to which the use of force is avoided or minimised".
On 19th September, 1994, Project Beacon was established and involved the standardisation of training so that all officers were trained to the same level of competence. The core principles of Project Beacon inform the response to every incident and the planning of operations which may involve any potential use of force. These core principles may be summarised as follows:
* "Safety First — the safety of police, the public and the offender or suspect is paramount.
* Risk Assessment — is to be applied to all incidents and operations.
* Take Charge — effective command and control must be exercised.
* Planned Response — every opportunity should be taken to convert an unplanned response into a planned operation.
* Cordon and Containment — unless impractical, a cordon and containment approach is to be adopted.
* Avoid Confrontation — a violent confrontation is to be avoided.
* Avoid Force — the use of force is to be avoided.
* Minimum Force — where the use of force is to be avoided, only the minimum amount reasonably necessary is to be used.
* Forced Entry Searches — are to be used only as a last resort.
* Resources — it is accepted that the "safety first" principle may require the deployment of more resources, more complex planning and more time to complete".
The primary principle of Project Beacon is "safety first". The safety of the police officer is paramount, followed by the safety of the public and the safety of the subject. Mr. Shuey utilised the example of a doctor attending a collision to treat a patient: "the doctor wouldn’t stand in the middle of the road to do the treatment of the patient because he would be exposing himself to the risk of being run over by a car". If the police officer is in a position of security, he or she will be more competent and capable of handling the situation. If a police officer is not involved in anything which is unsafe, he will have a clearer perspective of what is happening and be able to deal with the situation accordingly. If you expose a police officer to a "kill or be killed" situation, the risk of a fatal confrontation increases.
A significant objective of Project Beacon was to assist police in dealing with persons with mental illness, emotionally disturbed individuals and persons with behavioural problems. Project Beacon, in collaboration with the Victoria Department of Health and Community Services, developed a comprehensive integrated approach for dealing with such persons which was incorporated into police training courses. The training involved video scenarios and role-playing and in December, 1995, a video called "Similar Expectations" was produced. It offered a range of methods for dealing with persons with mental illness, and provided advice from mental health experts. The video received widespread acceptance in law enforcement and mental health agencies and was automatically incorporated into every police officer’s training; it was not confined to the training of those who participated in dedicated negotiators courses. Further training programmes were developed by persons with expertise in psychiatric mental health with the assistance of a police psychologist.
8,500 police officers, student and operational, were placed on an initial, five day training course complemented by mandatory two-day refresher training every six months. It is now part of ongoing training of police officers in the state of Victoria. Training for the Special Operations Group is rigorous and ongoing, taking place on most occasions when its members are not involved in operational response duties.
A "use of force register" is now maintained by the Victoria Police. Use of force incidents range from the forcible obtainment of fingerprints and handcuffing, through to riot situations. All such incidents are recorded in the register. This enables the police force in Victoria to track the number of incidents where force is a factor, and enables trend analysis in relation to the type of force and weapons that are used. This acts as a "catalyst" for the next six months of training. The information is analysed and if there is an excessive increase in crimes involving firearms or knives etc., the training in the following six months will be highlighted in that direction.