> Do you have an explanation for this except the genes?
Yes of course - the environmental/experiential conditions in which the carrier of the genes find themselves.
Remember, ADHD is just a culturally defined description of behavioural tendencies, not a genetically hard-coded outcome like the shape of someone's face, so it's a mistake to think of them as being genetically determined in the same way.
Of course the genes someone inherits from their ancestors will influence their behaviour, but genes express differently depending on many conditions, and for behaviour it's highly contingent on one's own life experiences; indeed it's extremely important for survival and continued evolution that one can adapt their behaviour to the environment in which they live.
Even recent twin studies [1] don't find anything more than about 75-80% heritability of "ADHD" diagnoses, so you still need to explain the other 20-25%.
Yep but the whole point is that it's not 100% the way it is with the right genetic conditions for disorders like Huntington's Disease or Down Syndrome.
Looking at the ADHD example, aside from the genes, consider what else is consistent: same gestational environment (mother's food, air, water, emotions, microbiome), possibly the same living environment in early life (I'm not clear on how many of these twins were separated, and if so, at what age), but even if they were separated, they're still living in the same time in history, likely the same city/country, likely at a similar socioeconomic level, they have the same appearance/height (so people respond to them similarly) and if they were separated, both experiencing trauma of separation (both from a sibling, and one or both from parents).
So there's a whole lot going on that can explain the high heritability figure.
But even if you disregard all of that, you still have to explain the other (at least) 20-25%.
Yes of course - the environmental/experiential conditions in which the carrier of the genes find themselves.
Remember, ADHD is just a culturally defined description of behavioural tendencies, not a genetically hard-coded outcome like the shape of someone's face, so it's a mistake to think of them as being genetically determined in the same way.
Of course the genes someone inherits from their ancestors will influence their behaviour, but genes express differently depending on many conditions, and for behaviour it's highly contingent on one's own life experiences; indeed it's extremely important for survival and continued evolution that one can adapt their behaviour to the environment in which they live.
Even recent twin studies [1] don't find anything more than about 75-80% heritability of "ADHD" diagnoses, so you still need to explain the other 20-25%.
[1] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-018-0070-0