This was really exciting until I read the bit where it says it just steals ATP from the host. Thought it could be a whole new way of life but looks more like a clever parasite hack.
I kind of agree. It also makes this statement a little confusing:
> However, he believes "it's inevitable" that scientists will find more animals like Henneguya among those that have adapted to living in places with almost no oxygen, such as some parts of the ocean floor.
The parasite can live because it's stealing ATP that's being made by an oxygen-burning organism it's attached to. How would you do that with no oxygen-burning organisms around?
I dunno if hypoxic is the right term here as it’s usually taken to mean oxygen deprivation / insufficiency, which isn’t what’s happening here, as evidenced by organisms being adapted to the conditions.
The oxygen concentration is actually quite a bit higher in most hadal zones (> 150 µmol/kg [1]) than oxygen minimum zones that exist in the middle layers (< 45 µmol/kg [2]). It's definitely not a hypoxic environment relative to the rest of the ocean.
I guess it could be like, in oxygen-poor places, animals are more likely to evolve to need less oxygen. Some (all that we know of so far) will do this by adapting to extract oxygen more efficiently and to use less energy, and others might do it like this parasite, by finding ways to extract energy directly from a host.
It seems that it would still be surprising that such a parasitical organism could exist in such an environment.
Presumably, if an organism is breathing in a near-zero oxygen environment, they are probably just getting the oxygen they need. If there's enough oxygen to support a parasite stealing from the first, there was enough oxygen to support the parasite getting its own oxygen.
It seems to me much more likely that we'll find these parasites where there is plenty of oxygen:
These organisms didn't evolve as a way of dealing with having no oxygen. They evolved because they adapted so that they did need to bother with mitochondria, because there was a plentiful supply of ATP they could steal. Since they didn't need to burn oxygen, they could do without. And the environment they are in has so much oxygen that the host organism doesn't suffer.
It says only that this may be what they are doing, not that it is for sure... a little late they speculate other alternative as well: _Roger says animals can actually use an oxygen-free process to produce energy from sugar, but it's far less efficient. He suspects this may be what Henneguya is doing_
It's called glycolysis, and isn't at all exotic. All animals rely on glycolysis when energy requirements outpace oxygen availability.
This little sucker obviously adapted to an environment with little available oxygen and lots of ATP. So the resource gain from losing superfluous stuff outweighed the need for aerobic metabolism.
There are whole different ways of life. For example, before the abundance of oxygen on Earth, the first bacteria lived on sulphur-based biochemistry. It was slow and inefficient, but better than being poisoned by that oxygen plague! Remember that it's an extremely destructive oxidizing agent (even in us it causes aging etc). It actually took millions of years for living organisms to start breathing oxygen (which was the real new and exciting breakthrough of the time).
And this is why I argue when some refer to places like Saturn or Jupiter as "hostile toward life" or "Impossible living conditions". They are certainly hostile to they types of organisms with which we're familiar. But as we often find, nature has a way of surprising us.
I guess it depends on how you look at it. Many scientists say that viruses aren't alive because they can't reproduce. But they actually do reproduce by parasitizing a host.
A virus isn't considered life because they do not follow all of the characteristics of life. This lists consists of:
order - meaning systems of cells
response to the environment - can sense, integrate senses, and response
reproduction - can create offspring
growth and development - do the cells grow and mature
regulation - there are mechanisms in place for heat control, thirst, etc
homeostasis - are able to maintain environmental equilibrium/steady state
energy processing - have the ability to convert sun to energy or process something chemically todo so.
If you go through this list, it's quite clear why a virus doesn't make the criteria for life. There is no order, they do not respond to the environment, there is no cell growth or development, they do not have mechanisms for heat, thirst, etc, and they do not maintain an environmental steady state.
I think those are great rough criteria through which one could perhaps arrive at a distinction between virusses and other life forms.
But let's consider the original concept of the feature based tree of life, which with the advent of genetic sequencing was eventually shown to contain many errors, and to really be a graph of life with a strongly discernible spanning tree.
So if genomes turn out to be a better navigation instrument than behaviors or features, and given how modern understanding of the evolution of life through natural selection, it would appear a better definition for life forms would be to say: patterns in physical nature that can thrive in specific niches (often relying on the presence of other such patterns) having one or more nontrivial / unbounded chemical information stores (say polymers) the contents of which undergo natural selection or the evolutionary algorithm in the environment according to physics.
So prion would not be life forms since their number of chemical states are trivial or bounded, while viruses would still be lifeforms under my definition since their RNA or DNA sequences are non-trivial and in some sense unbounded (their genome could grow or shrink in size over generations).
Also consider that just like living organisms can die because of say UV-C radiation, so can viruses be inactivated by UV-C radiation...
> A virus isn't considered life because they do not follow all of the characteristics of life. This lists consists of:
The list is regrettably a "science-education-ism". My phrase - I don't know of a real one... anyone? A divergence between science-education community practice and science community practice. A rather dramatic one. In actual science practice, "is it alive?" isn't an interesting question, and has none of the importance science-education content often places on it. And people who actually work with viruses, consider them alive. It's perhaps regrettable that so much education content presents the list as science, rather than as an education device. And even as a device it has difficulties, as it doesn't deal well with the richness of biology, including around parasitism, and a binary sort just isn't useful.
A lie-to-children (plural lies-to-children) is a simplified explanation of technical or complex subjects as a teaching method for children and laypeople.
Thanks. I also had in mind the idea of a topic that's taught as if it was important to the field, but isn't, independently of its accuracy. So "question doesn't arise", rather than "different answer".
> And people that who actually work with viruses consider them alive.
I know of two people that work with them (create vaccines) that don't consider them alive. I've honestly never heard anyone else that I know working with them talk about considering them alive or not. Not sure why you'd make such a blanket statement unless you are a virologist.
Curious. In this context, I hang out mostly with marine microbiologists. I do go to talks more broadly, but more research biology than medical. Aside from common use of "dead", the question has only come up twice-ish in many years, and both times it the group discussion was unanimous. Actually, it also came up in a talk earlier this year, again environmental microbiology, around a taxonomy of selective pressures? I fuzzily recall they chose a predicate of "capable of adaptive co-evolution". As you say, it rarely comes up, but I'm sensitized to the topic, and I've not previously seen suggestion of an alternate population of thought. Thanks! I wonder if it varies by field? And yes, even if I was a virologist, a blanket statement, especially in a sample-poor context, is just inviting failure by not being true for some unfamiliar subfield or culture.
If there is no order, response to environment, or growth/development, how can they reproduce?
Assuming reproduction is a characteristic they possess, why is that different from the others they do not possess? Reproduction relies on host cells so it could be said they possess the other characteristics because they rely on the host cells for those as well.
Viruses absolutely do respond to their environment and stuff in spectacular ways, understanding of viruses has come a long way since we thought they were dumb little protein shells
Sorry can you back this statement up? Cursory searching says this is not the case.
The only reference to 'responding to environment' is when that environment is inside of a host/cell. The rest of the time it's inert. When placed in a literal empty box, it is a dumb protein shell.
Took a full virology class, not sure what exactly to source. I went back to the lecture notes and pulled a few examples. They ride cell cytoskeletons, respond to PH changes to escape vescicles during infection (and it's awefully hard to draw the line at "this is just a chemical reponse" when it comes to biology, especially because if proteins doing their thing doesn't count as responding in a lifelike way, then nothing's alive). And also, yes exactly, viruses respond inside of the environment of a host or cell. That is their environment. Obviously you wouldn't expect to see any response to environment if you put them in a box with no environment - we would also be very dead in that case.
Role of receptors - interactions between viral receptor proteins and their hosts are incredibly complex, and include the virus signalling to the host to be more conducive to infection
And of course one of the most fascinating parts of virology (in my opinion) is viral surfing and active dissemination (active meaning they do things to infect cells instead of just floating around and bumping things). Viruses bind to a host and then actively move until they reach an ideal entry area
And there are many more but hopefully those are some helpful keywords. But I think you can get a sense of why many virologists treat viruses as living - they are dynamic and interact with their environment, and they evolve under the laws of natural selection. And the more we understand them, the more we realize preconceived notions about them (we originally thought they were just a poison, then some biological chemical, and then dumb protein shells, and now see that they can actually do a lot of crazy stuff - which makes sense because how would a dumb protein she'll be able to stay evolutionarily fit for millions of years against our immune system?
I think that entire list can (and should) be replaced by one simple criterion: "Is it subject to evolution by natural selection across successive generations? If so, then it's alive."
> The parasite doesn't appear to bother the fish much, she said, but tapioca disease can make its meat unmarketable and also cause the meat to spoil more quickly, making it a nuisance for the seafood industry: "No one wants to eat salmon full of white dots inside."
In a sense this is, in fact, a symbiotic relationship. It's funny that we'd call it a disease, but this bug is a feature.
Based on the tone of the researchers giving comments on the results, this feels like a surprisingly uncontroversial discovery given how exciting it would appear to be, as if biologists with expertise in the domain were considering it to be possible but didn't have any examples of it until now. Is that a correct interpretation?
The authors characterized an obligate parasite that lost its mitochondria and steals energy from the host instead. While this is technically the first animal to be found to lose its mitochondria, it's not the first eukaryote.
They didn't find a novel eukaryotic energy system. There are many parasites that lose essential cellular machinery because the host provides it, this is just a relatively complex one.
The group is still poorly known and giving surprise after surprise in the last decades. Complex life cycle with two totally different kind of spores. Some were wrongly chategorised as two different species, other classified as animals are now known to be fungus (and two different lineages of very distant related fungus noneless)... Really misunderstood group for most of the modern scientific period.
The idea that there was not one extant parasitic "jellyfish" [1] , but thousands of a new branch of parasitic cnidarians was revolucionary at 90's.
[1] Technically they are not Scyphozoa, Cubozoa or Hydrozoa, so they are not jellyfishes (neither corals).
Yep, that's correct. There are a lot of things that biologists tend to believe are out there, but are waiting for examples, which makes these kinds of discoveries very pleasant surprises.
For example, it could kinda be assumed that we would find a phage that contained a CRISPR, and that turned out to be correct (it uses it to target other phages that infect the same host cell).
Another fun example is a reverse-transcription based replicating plasmid found in a fungal mitochondria. Theoretically it was possible, but that madlad did it.
A phage that I assume exists is one that replicates via reverse-transcription, but that hasn't been found yet. I hope they find it soon!
Not to mention this sort of discoveries are so common now that it would be lucky to get a mention in top journals like Nature and Science at all. The incentives for biology is still deeply traditional; new, interesting, or novel discoveries do not necessarily get well rewarded at all. The biology research and development system strongly favors academia politics and close sourced large corporations.
>> Some microbes that don't breathe oxygen breathe hydrogen instead, but there's no evidence Henneguya does this. Some parasitic microbes don't breathe themselves, but steal energy molecules called ATP from their hosts. "We believe this is what our parasite is doing," Huchon said.
This isn't an entirely novel thing they've discovered. Similar animal-like things have been studied, but this is the first time it's actually animal cells being observed with the behavior. It's something we've seen before, but only in even lower forms of life.
It's cool and new interesting, but it's not paradigm-breaking.
Ok so to give you a bit of perspective, I didn't click through, and I thought, oh it's probably a parasite because parasites lose their mitochondria. Then I clicked through. I wasn't even a systems biologist, but a chemist/biochemist that got giardia once in grad school.
I had studied related species before, is a very strange group and economically surprisingly relevant.
Is not clear if they looking at the plasmid or at the spore. Spores are made to endure harsh environments, "aren't totally alive" in a methabolic sense of the term, and could have created different methods to breath.
Cnidarians are really old. From the article is possible that we could have a second lineage to mitocondrial origin, or that the animal have lost part of their DNA to simplify and adapt to parasitic life. Evolving to pack as many copies of itself as possible with minimum space and limited resources, and that would be really interesting, yes.
I'm not sure it's a valid claim, but the author implies there is a significant difference in the quality of the evidence:
>In fact, scientists have already proposed that one such group of animals called loriciferans can do that, and had some evidence that this was the case, although not as much or as detailed as for Henneguya.
On the other hand, this might just be a justification for low key sensationalism.
Funny to see that for us it takes a parasite – that gets to its final host by becoming a parasite of a larger parasite first – to find out about "An animal that doesn't breathe oxygen" because it doesn't have mitochondrial DNA, the thing all animals share with plants, funghi, and protists because their once common ancestor catched a parasite giving mitochondria to them.
As I read it this parasite, called Henneguya salminocola (and apparently some others), has found a cure to finally get rid of that parasite!
Several comments seem to suggest this is not really an animal, and I don't yet understand why. Is that your intention? If so, why is this not an animal?
I doubt it. It's a multi-cellular organism that is capable of moving on its own. I don't think anyone will claim that it is not alive because it can't produce its own ATP.
A virus also lacks the ability to even duplicate its own genetic material without the help of a host cell. The set of features a virus lacks is much larger.
On the other hand, all animals depend on another form of life to provide energetic molecules. As this organism (presumably) depends on ATP from another source, we depend on energy providing molecules like carbs, fat, protein.
