I see. It seems sometimes we do have to live with non-deterministic behaviors or even small errors.
I'm still unsure about the following question from your answers:
> when some kind of mechanism mutates two entities in different chunks, which thread is chosen to run this mutation? And how does it mutate the state for the entity in the other chunk?
My initial thought was this would require adding locking on every entity, since it might be accessed from another chunk/thread. But that's clearly not ideal. Maybe have a separate list for outside-chunk changes, and merge them with internal changes later?
And regarding having two states: How/when are you sending world state to clients? My thought was to clone the current state periodically and send it to clients (can sending takes less than one tick? I don't have an idea). Sending state to clients seems to be needed if the game needs client side predication, hence this question.
I think your first question is actually supposed to be: what if a single (not two) entity is modified from multiple chunks?
All external effects that can happen to an entity are written to an atomic integer that tracks healing points, damage points and effects like poison and stunning. Angeldust currently runs on CPUs supporting atomic integers everywhere, so this doesn't have to fall back to mutexes. On platforms/compilers without atomic integers I have a software-fallback that uses mutexes for this, but currently it's not used anywhere.
Most world state is compiled into flat byte arrays each tick to save processing time, since many clients can be in the same area at once. The server bundles these world state byte arrays for chunks near a client together and sends them over the network. The client interpolates from these updates. What you see on screen lags behind subtly to make sure animations are smooth. I think this happens in most online games since you don't really want to extrapolate.
Angeldust's game pace and mechanics are designed so that the interpolation doesn't affect your aiming accuracy or game experience too much.
I'm still unsure about the following question from your answers: > when some kind of mechanism mutates two entities in different chunks, which thread is chosen to run this mutation? And how does it mutate the state for the entity in the other chunk? My initial thought was this would require adding locking on every entity, since it might be accessed from another chunk/thread. But that's clearly not ideal. Maybe have a separate list for outside-chunk changes, and merge them with internal changes later?
And regarding having two states: How/when are you sending world state to clients? My thought was to clone the current state periodically and send it to clients (can sending takes less than one tick? I don't have an idea). Sending state to clients seems to be needed if the game needs client side predication, hence this question.