Full disclosure : I work at the company mentioned below
There are products out there like this. There are emerging tools like Syntasa (https://www.syntasa.com/) that have all of these integrations baked in to allow you to grab exact same data from various SaaS tools you are using (like Analytics, Marketing automation etc) and have templates for various analytics activities like attribution or LTV or propensity modeling and integration points back to activation points in your Marketing stack. This allows you to perform many advanced analytics activities, customize it for your business without needing to hire a very large team. In fact, even large teams find it more useful to use a tool like that so they can spend their time worrying about their objectives instead of spending months gluing everything together.
Like OP mentioned, CDPs and Marketing automation are glue tools in a way but they have superficial data and are not meant for in-depth analysis.
There are products out there like this. There are emerging tools like Syntasa (https://www.syntasa.com/) that have all of these integrations baked in to allow you to grab exact same data from various SaaS tools you are using (like Analytics, Marketing automation etc) and have templates for various analytics activities like attribution or LTV or propensity modeling and integration points back to activation points in your Marketing stack. This allows you to perform many advanced analytics activities, customize it for your business without needing to hire a very large team. In fact, even large teams find it more useful to use a tool like that so they can spend their time worrying about their objectives instead of spending months gluing everything together.
Like OP mentioned, CDPs and Marketing automation are glue tools in a way but they have superficial data and are not meant for in-depth analysis.