This is similar to how LÖVE games work on Android [1], you download the app from the store and then load a .zip file of your game and it runs inside that. You can then make it into its own app and publish it to the store.
LÖVE is awesome and Android port works great. The fastest interpreted language that also happens to be elegant and easy to learn, coupled with dead-simple input/graphics/audio/physics API you can actually remember. The APK is tiny when compared to other frameworks, some 4 Mb + assets.
[1] https://bitbucket.org/MartinFelis/love-android-sdl2/wiki/FAQ...