Funny that you say the example of ADJ+NOUN and NOUN+ADJ, since in Spanish both are valid! But not for every adjective, and many times the meaning actually changes:
- Different meaning: Es un pobre hombre (pity). Es un hombre pobre (poor).
- Same meaning: Tienes un excelente humor. Tienes un humor excelente. [1]
- Emphasis: ¿Ya os habéis mudado a la nueva casa? ¿Ya os habéis mudado a la casa nueva?
In your specific example, "negra camisa", while it is valid it does sound archaic. However this does not mean that ADJ+NOUN are wrong in Spanish. Not at all.
- Different meaning: Es un pobre hombre (pity). Es un hombre pobre (poor).
- Same meaning: Tienes un excelente humor. Tienes un humor excelente. [1]
- Emphasis: ¿Ya os habéis mudado a la nueva casa? ¿Ya os habéis mudado a la casa nueva?
In your specific example, "negra camisa", while it is valid it does sound archaic. However this does not mean that ADJ+NOUN are wrong in Spanish. Not at all.
Edit, more on the topic here: http://adjetivos.org/adjetivos-especificativos-y-explicativo...
[1] https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjetivo_especificativo