Black is fine. But protein (creamer) or sweetener(sugar/artificial) both spike your insulin which lessens autophagy. As the OP Article points out, autophagy leads to longevity in mice and lessens your chance of neurological disease.
In 2016 a Nobel prize was given to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his work on autophagy.
"After infection, autophagy can eliminate invading intracellular bacteria and viruses. Autophagy contributes to embryo development and cell differentiation. Cells also use autophagy to eliminate damaged proteins and organelles, a quality control mechanism that is critical for counteracting the negative consequences of aging. Disrupted autophagy has been linked to Parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes and other disorders that appear in the elderly. Mutations in autophagy genes can cause genetic disease. Disturbances in the autophagic machinery have also been linked to cancer. Intense research is now ongoing to develop drugs that can target autophagy in various diseases." [1]
That said, Dr. Jason Fung says black is better but he allows creamer if needed so that people stick with their fasts.
In 2016 a Nobel prize was given to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his work on autophagy. "After infection, autophagy can eliminate invading intracellular bacteria and viruses. Autophagy contributes to embryo development and cell differentiation. Cells also use autophagy to eliminate damaged proteins and organelles, a quality control mechanism that is critical for counteracting the negative consequences of aging. Disrupted autophagy has been linked to Parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes and other disorders that appear in the elderly. Mutations in autophagy genes can cause genetic disease. Disturbances in the autophagic machinery have also been linked to cancer. Intense research is now ongoing to develop drugs that can target autophagy in various diseases." [1]
That said, Dr. Jason Fung says black is better but he allows creamer if needed so that people stick with their fasts.
[1]https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2...