I did not get any similar errors on other GTK apps I tested, so I'm relatively confident that it is at least somewhat related to the way gtk-rs does things. I do not seriously expect any Rust code to directly violate memory safety, but calling C code in GTK incorrectly can still have the same effect.
For those still watching this thread: the memory accesses were correct, valgrind just couldn't handle the jemalloc allocator. Using the system allocator instead, even destroying the window before using it does not lead to invalid accesses.
Valgrind doesn't detect anything, so I guess GTK's reference counting does the right thing and doesn't prematurely free data still referenced somewhere else. It just doesn't show a window.
