What are the legacy GPS system stats? Its kinda important to compare before deciding the Russians hacked them.
Its surprisingly difficult to find real, detailed data about the GPS system. The block II first production run of GPS sats that were launched around 1990 and decommissioned in at most 17 years had a design life of a pitiful 7 years and used dual Rb clock and Cs clocks. I'm not sure the modern block details are declassified. Anyway the failure rate for Galileo seems consistent with a "less than a decade design life" I'm not sure block IIIa is even finished designing yet.
People have this peculiar idea that "the gps satellite" was launched one time in the 80s and its been running ever since... not so, gosh there must have been a hundred or so launched over the last couple decades.
I have some limited experience with Rb-standards and on the ground in telco land you'll get an amazing song and dance from the mfgr about how in theory they should run for eternity but being a vacuum tube (actually conceptually closer to a fluorescent light) they do wear out and end up on ebay after a decade or so for ham radio microwave and EME operators to do peculiar things with them cheaply. Not good enough to run a data center is still stable enough to help bounce signals off the moon.
I have no experience with hydrogen standards they don't even appear on ebay in my price range. Again perhaps its normal for them to wear out, etc.
So Rb standards "should" die off on a regular basis. Possibly the biggest classified secret of the entire GPS project MIGHT be you have to massively overspec your clocks or you get an economic kill shot of spending a billion bucks (rubles, euros) on something that only runs six months LOL shoudda just licensed our technology that learned the lessons the hard way in developmental block I satellites in the mid 80s.
Not at this level. The Rb resonance in question is ~6.8 GHz, which means that counting it (which is functionally all atomic clock is really doing) will give you accuracy higher by definition than the cycle time of the CPU running your timing-sensitive application.
GPS needs that because at the speed of light in vacuum that corresponds to ~2cm of wavelength, which is only 2 orders of magnitude from the design accuracy of the whole system.
Cycle-to-cycle accuracy of an atomic clock (then called a timing and frequency standard) is never dominated by the resonance frequency, and you never extract the timing information from the radio-frequency that interacts with the physics directly.
The reference frequency used externally for timing is the reference oscillator which typically was 5 or 10 MHz, but nowadays tends to be 100 MHz as HF electronics became better.
{a Rb clock is very similar electronically, only you are not looking at count-rates of Cs atoms flying through your spin filter but you are observing the optical attenuation of a rubidium gas, both vary with radio-frequency waves being injected into the package. Also Cs is a primary standard and Rb is very stable - but adjustable and susceptible to extarnal magnetic fields.}
From the reference frequency, a series of synthesizers / multipliers generate the radio frequency that is relevant to the physics process. And this frequency is then modulated slightly (137 Hz label in Figure 5) so that correlation in the physics process from being too high, or too low in resonance frequency, can be observed (Figure 9, you vary between f2 and f1 137 times per second).
A good GPS steered quartz oscillator will use around 100s of loop time-constant, the time constant for the control loop in a caesium clock will be much higher.
I'm not following your ire. I don't understand why you think adding all the detail above is inconsistent with "functionally, all an atomic clock is really doing is counting cycles (and, OK, tracking phase) of a known transition of some isotope or another. You're just describing how.
The frequencies have changed after everyone realized it was a pretty darn dumb proposal to begin with.
Also I like how everything is now being blamed on hacking, a freaking atomic clock that was launched on top of rocket into space fails and it's Russian hackers.
"Also I like how everything is now being blamed on hacking, a freaking atomic clock that was launched on top of rocket into space fails and it's Russian hackers."
The only mention I see anywhere of blaming hackers (Russian or otherwise) is VLM 3 comments up from you. It's certainly not in the linked article. Am I missing something?
I'm sure that actual Russian hackers would like to be perceived as people who can hack an atomic clock in space with no connection to earth :-) Such a feat would demonstrate some fairly elite skills would it not?
When someone comes up with some conspiracy theory or someone suspecting my code to do something really weird I always try to imagine what it would take to actually pull it off. Let's say hackers really did this, how could you do the same if you really wanted to? Often it turns out you simply couldn't do it even if you wanted to.
> Esa is also in contact with the Indian space agency which is using the same clocks in its sat-nav system. So far, the Indians have not experienced the same failures.
Since the same technology and the same manufacturer is being used, it's a weird problem to have after the satellites are already in space.
My SWAG is that it's not a clock problem, it's a power supply problem.
All the satellites probably use the same clock power supply, regardless of which clock they chose to put into the satellite.
That would explain why you have the Indian clocks by the same manufacturer all working, and why two completely different clock technologies (hydrogen maser and rubidium) are both failing.
Doesn't make any sense to me. If you wanted to avoid the threat from such a system, then you'd develop the techniques to sabotage it and then not actually do it until you needed it. If you sabotaged it now, then you'd just give them a heads-up that the system was vulnerable, and give them time to fix it.
Unless it was considered worth the effort to try and see if they could just jeopardize the system financially. For example, nation states have the capability to compromize industrial operations with specific viruses. If a uranium enrichment centrifuge can be targeted I don't think any system can be guaranteed to be infection free.
The lack of any mention of a major military conflict on nytimes.com, cnn.com, and news.google.com is a pretty good indication. You don't need to care about a half-finished GNSS system if you're just bombing ISIS.
Unless you wanna kill it before it is deployed. For example if the U.S. was aware that a nation state was about to pull out on funding for it and wanted to keep the economic dominance of GPS.
Mexican drug wars are violent but do not involve competing state militaries, so I would not call it a major military conflict. It's a criminal problem being solved using the military.
Agreed, as a software developer I often see confounding multiple problems. Sometimes they are related to a third origin, sometimes they are just two separate problems that happened at the same time by chance. Usually they appear when all the low hanging fruit (easy bugs) are gone. Software is not hardware, I know, but my guess is these satellites are buggy as hell.
Not a conspiracy-lover, but this is what came to my mind instantly considering there is a still-ongoing investigation about another ESA project - the failure of ESA's Schiaparelli landing, which slammed into Mars back in October 2016.
Every country but the US has had very bad luck with Mars landings. Its a non-trivial problem to solve and even the US's expertise and funding leads to failure sometimes.
I agree it's very unlikely that sabotage is what's going on, but what you're saying is the one compelling argument in favor of sabotage. "Everyone but that one actor has very bad luck" is exactly what sabotage looks like.
Except that actor has the most advanced space program in history. Its like saying Michael Phelps is part of a conspiracy to keep other swimmers from winning. Uh no. The world isn't one on even playing field. Some people are better than others and thus get better results.
Time to spin it the other way: the only reason the US landings on Mars are successful is because of secret government technology developed out of a covertly funded program from the 1950s as part of antigravity research.
Please remember that the Schiaparelli lander was an experimental lander. The intention was to test the landing technology. So yes, it failed to land, but it was not exactly unexpected...
You don't think it's a pretty big leap from political pressure (aka what all countries do to each other all the time) to sabotage, a literal act of war and something that would, if discovered, at the very least put Nato into serious jeopardy?
The sabotage doesn't have to be James Bond shooting a PPK into a wiring harness or dumping a test tube of mystery onto clock circuit boards.
The Americans spent a decade and a lot of money on the first gen system in the 80s (we're on like the forth or fifth gen of GPS sats now) and the sabotage could be as simple as making it a classified state secret that mounting the physics package such that the electrodes are vertical causes microfractures in the physics package due to launch vehicle pogo resulting in 6 month lifetime on orbit, max. Or maybe mounting the physics package horizontally. Or it was spin stabilization that killed it or ...
Or you thought kapton would be a great plastic film for high voltage high temperature insulation for the physics package but (mumble mumble secret squirrel stuff here) as documented in classified air force memo #classified, insert finger wagging here oh no you can't get more than 6 months lifetime on orbit shouldda used teflon (or vice versa)
It could be as simple as a pdf that should have been posted to arxiv.org about some engineering peculiarity of Rb cells getting classified and buried. Maybe because it cost the US government a billion bucks to learn it the hard way back in the 80s.
Those things aren't impossible, but also I don't see how any of those things class as "sabotage". Facebook didn't sabotage Google+ by not revealing to them how to make a successful Facebook.
But that was targeted at Iran, this would be targeted at the majority of Nato.
Edited to add: also, the fact that Stuxnet was discovered would be good reason to think you wouldn't attempt this. You'd need to be bullet proof certain that it would never be discovered.
The US has already leaned hard on European officials to abandon the €1.1bn (£772m) project.
Last year, the EU press spokesman for Galileo, Gilles Gantelet, declared that under the strain of American pressure, "Galileo is almost dead".
While US pressure has not killed off the Galileo project entirely, concessions made by European officials mean Galileo will now be a much weaker rival to GPS than the system they had envisioned.
my thoughts too, Stuxnet but for GPS satellites. Too much of a threat to the US GPS system? Maybe a target for Russia but unlikely because they have no competing system. The only thing that leads away from it being US orchestrated is that they found Stuxnet, so if they found this you could be pretty sure that US/EU relations would be very shaky. Of course perhaps then Russia make it look like a US attack to divide a wedge between allies.
apologies, I thought GLONASS was military use, I then checked and got stuck in wikipedia, meaning to come back and edit my comment, too late now though.
If it's an Android smartphone, recent versions of MobiWIA - Eclipsim's GPS Status & Toolbox app divide the satellite signal bar display into four sections (GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, and Galileo). Since my phone only supports GPS and GLONASS, the latter two don't show any bars.
How is it a threat to the US GPS infrastructure? Does it not add another potential layer of redundancy for positioning systems? Assuming that the EU/NATO is still our ally...
yes it's paranoid. nobody sabotages all of humanity's major triumphs this way, it's just not done and with good reason.
I say this as someone who likely subscribes to at least 20x as many conspiracy theories (defined as the existence of one or more people conspiring) as you do.
> nobody sabotages all of humanity's major triumphs this way
It may be "humanity's triumph" for you and me, but there are people who couldn't care less about that - people, for whom the only relevant thing is its impact on their political and economical standing. Such people are the ones who tend to find their way to positions of power.
I said ”this way”. To me it is paranoid, yes. In my opinion nobody does this. (Don’t give them any ideas, either.) These are multiply redundant time sources aboard satellites in a multibillion euro program. Nobody is sabotaging them (in my judgment†), and we don't need to even bring the idea of this into the discussion. I won't reply to any more replies about this.
† Again as a disclaimer: I don't have a horse in this race and I subscribe to a ton of conspiracy theories (way more than you). This is just not one of them.
GPS is a military project controlled by the US. With just a switch of a button the civilian receivers will be practical worthless for navigation. They can't do that on Galileo or GLONASS. I imagine Russia can dial down GLONASS precision for civil use cases, too.
At least Galileo is a competitor, and the political/military discourse about it is still ongoing.
The India program only started launching a couple years ago. Galileo has been launching since 2006. Perhaps the clocks fail only after x amount of hours in space or some other condition based on age. The oldest Galileo sat clock has a decade of wear on it. I imagine there are some worried people in the Indian space program right now after hearing this news.
Most of the maser failures (5) have occurred on the satellites that were originally sent into orbit to validate the system, whereas all three rubidium stoppages are on the spacecraft that were subsequently launched to fill out the network.
Rubidium clock failures are being seen in "operational" Galileo satellites. First operational Galileo was launched in 2011.
And, first operational Indian navigational satellite was launched in 2013. So, there's not much difference in the timeline or aging of Rubidium atomic clocks between ESA and ISRO satellites.
Anyway, ISRO will be switching to indigenous atomic clocks for next generation navigation satellites[1].
Most simple problems are weird if you hardware isn't accessible by any means, e.g. what do you do if it suddenly stops responding? You can't simply press the reset button, all you can do is wait and hope for the best. It's an engineers nightmare.
With India, China and Russia launching their own positionning systems, I wonder if it would be possible to interpolate an even higher precision by listening to all 5 signals at the same time.
(I don't know enough about signal processing to know if that's a possibility or not.)
Not only is it possible, it's already done in many (most?) smartphones made over the past few years, at least for the Russian GLONASS system. As China's BeiDou and Galileo become operational, those will presumably be incorporated too.
However, I'd guess that most of the improvement in user experience comes from the higher reliability than higher accuracy. Even if the errors from all systems were completely uncorrelated (which they are not), averaging the location reported by four systems gives you at most a factor of 2 in improved accuracy. On the other hand, if your chance of being able to lock onto enough satellites (within a given number of seconds) for one system is 80%, the chance that you can lock on to at least one of the four systems becomes 99.8%.
If your N samples are independent and distributed with the same error sigma, then the error of the averaged result is sigma/sqrt(N). (And of course, sqrt(4) = 2.)
You can calculate this directly by computing the variance of a sum of independent Gaussian random variables. Can't find a great link for further reading, but someone else might be able to help you out.
I'm glad there are people who know what all this means so I can tap a button, say "navigate to the grocery store" to my phone, and not spend brain cycles learning and maintaining knowledge of the wide range of math/programming/engineering specialties I'd otherwise have to master.
I had an intuitive sense of this. People saying "half the population has a below average IQ!" always elicited a head tilt from me. I just didn't know there was enough to say on the subject to fill a 8k word wikipedia article.
I'll file this next to the formula I whip up when I want to figure out how much a trip costs based on mileage and fuel prices.
It's sometimes important to actually work out the math to overcome cognitive biases and faulty intuition.
Phrasing the statement as "Think of how dumb an average person you meet on the street is. Now realize that half of all people are even more dumb than that." primes the brain to denigrate the intelligence of a random person, leading to a wrong conclusion.
Another example relates to your formula for fuel economy - some locales use distance-per-volume (miles per gallon) while others use volume-per-distance (liters per 100 km). Intuition may suggest that upgrading from a 15 mpg vehicle to a 20 mpg vehicle is comparable to going from a 30 mpg vehicle to a 35 mpg vehicle - but it's not! Using the reciprocal more accurately describes the emissions and costs related to different fuel economies over the wide range of values that you'll measure in modern vehicles: The example compares a 15.7 -> 11.6 L/100km change and a 7.8 -> 6.7 L/100km change. These units make it much easier to intuit the results.
Doing the math occasionally is a good habit to get into!
The intuition should be that "Half the population has below average X" is untrue for the vast majority of situations, because most real things have a skewed distribution.
AFAIK IQ is a peculiar case because of how IQ is defined.
A lot of natural processes produce results that are normally distributed. So given a large sample, a continuous value range, no bounds (or far away bounds) and a lack of obvious skew the intuition "half the population is below average" has a good chance to be (approximately) true.
Of course IQ is a made up thing that we just defined to behave that way.
I doubt uncorrelatedness. If the frequencies are very close then the systems share to some degree one source of error: ionospheric lightspeed variations.
In principle, a sufficiently smart device could lock onto one satellite of each system, and in the aggregate they'd be enough. But that would require some serious engineering.
It's not just precision, but availability of the signal and speed. Having more signals in natural and urban canyons improves accuracy and speed when there are more satellites.
One-chip GPS/GLONASS multiconstellation receivers have been on the market for some time. Millions of consumer units sold. Many smartphones have them.
Quad-constellation (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou) receiver chips have been on the market for some time.
For example: STA8090GA, It's automotive Grade GPS/Galileo/Glonass/Beidou/QZSS receiver
> With India, China and Russia launching their own positionning systems, I wonder if it would be possible to interpolate an even higher precision by listening to all 5 signals at the same time.
First: Only Navstar-GPS, GLONASS and (in near future) Galileo will have worldwide coverage. Perhaps in future (but according to http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/BeiDou_Future_and_Evoluti... not before 2020) BeiDou will also have global coverage. IRNSS only has regional coverage.
So in near future we will only have three sources (not five).
Now for the simple mathematical trick: Model the position of the three systems as normal distributed random variable with same \mu, but different \sigma (\sigma_1, \sigma_2, \sigma_3). These three sigmas have to be measured. Now a convex combination of these random variables is again normal distributed, but with different \sigma (let's call it \sigma^* ) (easy exercise or look it up). Now just compute the coefficients of the convex combination that minimize \sigma^*.
This does only hold if the standard deviation \sigma is the same for all of the normal distributed variables. This is not the case here: Galileo is supposed to be more precise than Navstar-GPS (no surprise, since it is the newer system) - though I know that the US government is working on to increase the precision for Navstar-GPS. On the other hand (source: http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/GLONASS_Performances#GLON...) GLONASS is less precise than Navstar-GPS.
Well, I said "at most", so it holds for all sigma_i. As you know, when the sigma_i are very different, then the accuracy is approximately given by the best accuracy (smallest sigma_i), so there's very little improvement from averaging.
(warning: armchair expert, I've just read a bunch of wikipedia pages)
I believe there's still sources of systemic error that would affect all the signals similarly, such as atmospheric interference, so even taking (for example) the average of the reported position from all the services may not improve accuracy that much.
The typical approach seems to be to consider all the visible satellites together (rather than solving for the position indicated by each constellation and averaging them).
So in practice having more satellites means that a good position measurement is possible more of the time.
I'm very disappointed that the EU bowed to their demands. It is the second clear sign I know that Europe dances to the USA's pipe; the other one was the grounding of the bolivian presidents plane in 2013.
I hope that Europe eventually stops giving in to demands by the USA.
GPS is US military. They can block access to the civilian one for any reason.
But if Galileo is on, they don't have the power to block it. Unless they jam its frequency. But as they use that same frequency, it would jam GPS. So, without officially giving a reason, they forced the EU to be on a different frequency.
There is no concern with using the same frequency. The US simply wants, and got, the ability to jam Galileo.
Selective availability was disallowed by executive order in 2000. Block III satellites will not even have the capability to disable the civilian signal.
GPS has better than 10m accuracy in another operating mode. Only the military is allowed to use that one, though. Then they don't want Galileo being 1m accurate? Probably same military reasons.
No, that's not true. The military has access to different codes and frequencies that aren't available for civilian use, which can be used to apply further corrections to the computed location. Selective Availability was not the only difference between civilian and military GPS.
As far as I understand, the remaining differences between military and civilian GPS don't matter much for accuracy. The military may still have the advantage of ionospheric correction, but civilians can use other augmentation systems like WAAS[1] with similar results. I think the military signals are mostly intended to protect against signal spoofing and jamming.
Those extra frequencies were what I was thinking about. If they're still closed, then military still cripples GPS. The points of military vs civilian for this discussion would still apply.
This is actually untrue. The US didn't like that the EU was using bands close to GPS so if there was a conflict where the Russians or Chinese were using Galileo to target American troops, the US would have no choice but to shoot down or otherwise disable Galileo satellites by force. No one wants this, so the EU chose a different frequency that could be jammed without jamming GPS. Accuracy was never a concern. Galileo can't do better than a meter for many reasons, not the least of which is number of satellites, clock accuracy, and cost.
So rather than make a technological change, which according to the parent post has no effect on the quality of the end system, Europe should wage war on the US if the US did something aggressive to protect it's troops in the middle of what I assume would already be World War 3? (an overt conflict with Russia or China?)
It's not about making it easy for the US. Shooting down satellites is not going to be a tough problem for the US military. It's about convincing the US not to do that.
It's like not leaving food out to avoid attracting bears. Sure, it would be nice if the bears would just not bother you in the first place. But you can't influence their behavior directly, you can only influence what you do.
My whole point is that the USA can act without Europe having a say, whether Europe likes it or not. It's only reasonable for Europe to take that into account in what they do.
You can take some principled stand to make some sort of abstract point nobody will understand, and have the USA shoot down your satellites in the case of war. Or you can make a small change to your design and have the USA leave them alone. I don't see why taking the second option is so terrible.
If Europe had created Galileo like originally envisioned the USA could not jam Galileo without also jamming GPS. Hence they would need to ask Europe to turn of Galileo or turn Galileo off for them, i.e. shooting down the satellites, which Europe should treat as an act of war. Hence, neither of both options go without Europe having a say.
The abstract point here is akin to mutually assured destruction. It keeps peace.
Having Galileo like originally envisioned and Europe taking a robust defensive strategy w.r.t. to it's satellites would mean GPS for everybody or for nobody or war with Europe. And Europe should make sure nobody wants war with them.
The frequencies were selected to allow for easy compatibility with GPS not because the EU didn't want the US to be able to selectively jam Galileo.
No one in Europe really thinks of a war with the US as a real possibility and since the know what ICBM stands for they also know they've lost before the first shot is fired.
> and have the USA shoot down your satellites in the case of war.
And then we shoot down their satellites, too. The US acting like they can do whatever they want is extremely annoying and has to end, they’re just a country, not the king of the world.
> they’re just a country, not the king of the world.
Militarily and economically the US is an empire (by definition, as its growth is tied to warfare, expansion, and dominance). Just like the British empire was before it.
For example - it has 400 major, and another 400 minor, bases (some with nuclear-ready weapon systems) stationed in foreign countries. While no foreign country has a base in the US.
It's more like giving the bully his favorite seat. You can stand on principle, but the result will be more or less the same either way, and giving him what he wants doesn't hurt you.
That's a great strategy when you're a member of a society that mostly doesn't put up with bullying, and will ultimately be on your side if their aggression gets too much attention. It's a terrible strategy when you're living in an anarchy and the bully is as mighty as everybody else put together.
Yes. That's why I think a federal EU with united army and foreign policy stands a much better chance of achieving beneficial outcomes for its citizens.
With the constellations on different frequencies, European powers also have the ability to engage in localised GPS jamming while leaving Galileo available for their military.
Blowing up 1 or more satellites will also increase the amount of orbital debris floating around.
There is already something near 1 million pieces of space junk being actively tracked to avoid possible collisions with existing space vehicles/satellites.
This space junk problem eventually reaches a point where no orbital vehicles will be able to reach, stay in, and/or pass into space.
Europe is part of NATO and has major incentives to cooperate with the US. In the scenario where the US would have to shoot down Galileo sats, would most likely be one where the US is protecting Europe from China or Russia as we're talking WWIII. I imagine this little story is little more than a tempest in a teapot designed to enrage Euro nationalists. The reality is that when you're in a shared defense agreement, your weapons systems, including nav systems, need a high level of cooperation. A frequency shift isn't the tragedy you're making it out to be.
PfP isn't a mutual defense agreement, it's more like lets play airsoft together.
Hence Russia is a participant, not exactly a NATO membership candidate or ally.
In the case of a hot war between the US and Russia, the first victims (of mushroom clouds) will be every single EU NATO member that hosts US bases and US nuclear weapons.
So I'm not quite sure what the gain is for those members as they will not survive (the US might, but they won't).
In the scenario you mentioned Europe could turn off Galileo if deemed necessary, no need for the USA to shoot it down. The solution taken just makes it easier for USA to wage war against Europes interests.
Europe isn't a single entity. Imagine a conflict in Eastern Europe that the US is part of. The rest of Europe has built its infrastructure on Galileo and shutting it down means major economic and infrastructure issues for Europeans not involved in the conflict. The US asks them to turn it off, but Merkel says no. Or Greece says no because Putin promised them $200m in aid. EU decisions have to be unanimous. Now what? Lets stop pretending European nations, even members of NATO, all care about each other. There's no polite discourse here. Just naked self-interest that's easy for the enemy to game.
Merkel might decide that she wants nothing to do with Russia taking Estonia, Romania, and Bulgaria. This is why we need technical solutions, not political ones. Banking on Europe being nice to each other is hilariously short-sighted and ahistoric.
Note, Europeans are free to leave NATO whenever they wish if they don't like our defense posture and technical requirements. I imagine letting the Russian military loose is probably not within Europe's self-interest, so enforcing technical requirements that protect all of Europe makes sense. It leaves less room for cowardly players like Merkel to appease expansionist dictators like Putin. If anything, the US did European security a favor with this policy.
What is an enemy for the USA might not be an enemy of Europe. I can just repeat myself. If it is in the interest of Europe to turn Galileo off, they can do so. If it is not in their interest, they shouldn't do so. Now, that the decision making in the EU is inefficient might be an _internal_ issue that needs to be solved, not be workedaround by giving the USA the final say.
A similar thing happens with commercial imagery satellites. Companies are forced to downsample their high resolution govt-only images to 30cm for the general public.
That's slightly different though, better imagery makes it possible to resolve more features.
With the improved positional accuracy it's a 2 meter circle vs a 1 meter circle. What tactics does a 1 meter circle enable that the 2 meter circle does not enable?
My understanding is that it's not exactly "by force" but rather a condition of funding. The U.S. Government is probably Digital Globe's largest customer.
No, it is by force. It is similar to ITAR regulations. If you break that rule, your management team is probably going to jail. It would be akin to spying for a foreign power. Source: I used to do some consulting for a satellite imagery company.
There's no fear about accuracy - the plan is that Galileo will charge for high precision services. Indeed, you can buy centimeter-precision GPS services right now for applications like surveying and precision farming [1] - those are small markets, of course; self-driving cars are the real prize.
The objection from the US amounted to the fact an early Galileo design would have reduced their ability to degrade satellite navigation in war zones. Later the design was changed, so the US can jam Galileo - which avoids the US objection, but makes Galileo less useful as a backup.
With appropriate ground corrections 5 cm is pretty easy with the current US satellites. Sub-meter in real time is also fairly easy with the help of WAAS broadcasts and good receivers. But if consumer hardware (like a typical $200 Garmin receiver) could reliably have sub-meter accuracy that would be a big improvement. But I'm no expert on the actual math of GPS.
Anyone around here know details on the encryption used by Galileo, Beidou, and GPS? Google does not turn up much. It would be interesting to hear about how they're doing this.
With the constraints that they have (receivers not necessarily always online to receive key updates, extremely low bandwidth to work with, systems depend heavily on this information, fast locks are important) it would not surprise me if the encryption scheme has big holes in it.
On the other hand, some of these constraints can be dealt with by making receivers fall back to the unencrypted signal until they're locked long enough to get their new keys. And given that this is military, they might err on the side of security rather than accessibility. So who knows.
The article says that after some troubleshooting they were able to restart one of the hydrogen maser clocks, so it appears they do have some abilities on the software side.
It sounds like a manufacturing issue to me, so I don't think so. The batch they ordered could have been faulty, but I'm assuming that ESA uses samples taken from multiple runs to minimize failures, so that's fairly unlikely.
It could be a design issue too. Like are they accidentally over-voltaging the clock with a transient or some sort of power sequencing issue? Or does some component have tin somewhere? Really hard to say at this point.
Tin forms whiskers, small hairlike growths on the metal that can cause short circuits. We've already lost a satellite to this phenomenon, although I would hope it's not a problem anymore with current metallurgical techniques
If I remember right, tin whiskers were determined to be the cause in the crazy Toyota runaway accelerator pedals a few years back. I think it's mainly an issue with lead-free solders, which RoHS has forced into widespread usage over the last decade.
The problem was ultimately found to be a combination of pedals being pressed by floor mats, pedals sticking on their own, and drivers pressing the wrong pedal.
ESA is not part of the EU -- it's an international organization, and is exempt from national law in the same way as an embassy. Even if RoHS applies to spacecraft, it probably doesn't apply to ESA's spacecraft.
That's not to say acquiring non-RoHS components isn't made more difficult by RoHS.
/r/conspiracy: The CIA probably fed them bad components or software for the clocks. Higher levels of positioning accuracy is potentially dangerous and can be misused by third parties, so the argument goes.
/r/conspiracy: #2 The CIA is downvoting this post.
Its surprisingly difficult to find real, detailed data about the GPS system. The block II first production run of GPS sats that were launched around 1990 and decommissioned in at most 17 years had a design life of a pitiful 7 years and used dual Rb clock and Cs clocks. I'm not sure the modern block details are declassified. Anyway the failure rate for Galileo seems consistent with a "less than a decade design life" I'm not sure block IIIa is even finished designing yet.
People have this peculiar idea that "the gps satellite" was launched one time in the 80s and its been running ever since... not so, gosh there must have been a hundred or so launched over the last couple decades.
I have some limited experience with Rb-standards and on the ground in telco land you'll get an amazing song and dance from the mfgr about how in theory they should run for eternity but being a vacuum tube (actually conceptually closer to a fluorescent light) they do wear out and end up on ebay after a decade or so for ham radio microwave and EME operators to do peculiar things with them cheaply. Not good enough to run a data center is still stable enough to help bounce signals off the moon.
I have no experience with hydrogen standards they don't even appear on ebay in my price range. Again perhaps its normal for them to wear out, etc.
So Rb standards "should" die off on a regular basis. Possibly the biggest classified secret of the entire GPS project MIGHT be you have to massively overspec your clocks or you get an economic kill shot of spending a billion bucks (rubles, euros) on something that only runs six months LOL shoudda just licensed our technology that learned the lessons the hard way in developmental block I satellites in the mid 80s.