My respect for NT grew tremendously after reading one of the early editions of Mark Russinovich and David Solomon's "Windows Internals". I haven't seen more recent editions but I'd suspect they just as informative.
I'm most impressed w/ the kernel object manager and the pluggable user-mode "personalities". I've always dreamed of an NT "distribution" that didn't have Win32 but, instead, shipped with the Interix (aka Service for Unix) POSIX personality.
Oh, and @EvanAnderson - you might want to take a look at the Windows Sybsystem for Linux (WSL) - which allows you to run unmodified ELF64 Linux binaries directly on Windows:
The NT kernel was always heavily modelled after the unices of the time (but avoided quite some flaws from the get-go, and of course had quite a lot of differences as well due to that and other necessities, like the driver API).