Are you assuming that or did you look at the research paper?

bencollier49 · on Nov 11, 2016

"We used variables collected at the appropriate sweeps of the NCDS to control for childhood factors which might affect...."

... snip ...

"Family aspiration was estimated from parents desire that their child leaves school at the minimum age, asked at age 11."

There was no judge of parental involvement beyond whether parents had a desire for their children to go to university or get A-Levels.