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Quite a lot more than a few trillion.



You have to account for Moore's Law within the few trillions GP mentioned


Bruce Schneier and others[1] have done the math on brute forcing 256 bit keys: even with a perfectly efficient computer using the least amount of energy possible, you would have to deplete the entire energy content of the Sun to just iterate over a 225 bit keyspace once, let alone do anything meaningful with those keys.

Moore's Law doesn't really factor into it.

[1]http://security.stackexchange.com/a/6149


It's estimated there are 10^80 atoms [1] in the visible universe, so 2^256 is definitely a huge number. I didn't realize 256 bit brute force was nigh feasible with only a solar system.

I'm a bit surprised the quantum algorithm only gives a polynomial speedup.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe#Matter_con...


10^80 = (10^3)^80/3 = 1000^80/3 = 1000^26.67

2^256 = (2^10)^25.6 = 1024^25.6

These number seem very close.


Sure it does. It just happens to necessitate our transition to Kardashev III.


https://www.reddit.com/r/theydidthemath/comments/1x50xl/time...

tl;dr if all the matter in the whole universe was a computer, it'd still be unlikely.


Isn't brute force a chance? Should it not be "see you in next minute to few years?"


It's all down to probabilities, yes our hypothetical attacker could guess your key correctly the first time or within a few years but the chances are so tiny it approaches zero for practical purposes on practical timescales.




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