I'm not aware of a similar thing in the US. And depending on the remoteness of your location, you may get an indication of a good signal (3+ bars) but still be unable to transmit or receive a text. It's common in the mountains where I hike and backpack to get "ghost bars" like that which suggest you should be able to send and receive messages but only a tiny percentage ever get through, if any.
The US has actually several emergency networks, a cellphone even without a valid sim card can still be used to dial 911 this is part of every cellular standard.
But in more common cases when you are outside of the coverage of your carrier and with roaming disabled/no roaming partners you will still see Emergency/SOS displayed on your phone.
Besides 911 there are probably a few other emergency numbers in the US which are open on all cellphones, as well as the emergency broadcast system which will display push notifications on every modern cellphone in such cases as natural disasters.
