Tangentially-related, it remains surprising that many U.S.-based developers I've spoken with fail to realize that they need to obtain an Export Control Classification (ECCN) from the US Dept of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) before publishing their apps in the app store or otherwise making them available on the net. And then devs need to submit annual updates for their products.
Most will get a mass market exemption under 5D992, but a surprising number of modern applications making 'interesting' uses of crypto will need export licenses.
Thx for clearing the rights and for releasing, Scott. And of course thanks to Microsoft and IBM.
It would be fun at some point down the road to get some of the older code building and running again - particularly '84/'85-vintage Windows & Notes builds. Quite a lot of work, though, not just because of hardware but also likely because of toolchain gaps.
At Software Arts I wrote or worked on the IL interpreter for the TRS 80 Model III, the DEC Rainbow, the Vector Graphic, the beginnings of the Apple Lisa port, as well as the IBM PC port. To put you into the state of mind at the time,
- in the pre-PC era, the microcomputer ecosystem was extremely fragmented in terms of architectures, CPUs, and OS's. 6502, z80, 68K, z8000, 8088. DOS, CPM, CPM/86, etc. Our publisher (Personal Software) wanted as much breadth of coverage, as you might imagine
- one strong positive benefit of porting from 6502 assembly to IL and using an interpreter was that it enabled the core code to remain the same while leaving the complex work of paging and/or memory mapping to the interpreter, enabling access to 'extended memory' without touching or needing to re-test the core VisiCalc code. Same goes for display architectures, printer support, file system I/O, etc.
- another strong benefit was the fact that, as the author alludes to, the company was trying to transition to being more than a one hit wonder by creating a symbolic equation solver app - TK!Solver - that shared the interpreter.
Of course, the unavoidable result is that the interpreter - without modern affordances such as JIT compilation - was far less snappy than native code. We optimized the hell out of it and it wasn't unusable, but it did feel laggy.
Fast forward to when I left SoftArts and went across the street to work for my friend Jon Sachs who had just co-founded Lotus with Mitch Kapor. Mitch & Jon bet 100% that the PC would reset the ecosystem, and that the diversity of microcomputers would vanish.
Jon single-handedly wrote 1-2-3 in hand-tuned assembly language. Yes, 1-2-3 was all about creating a killer app out of 1.spreadsheet+2.graphics+3.database. That was all Mitch.
But, equally, a killer aspect of 1-2-3 was SPEED. It was mind-blowing. And this was all Jon. Jon's philosophy was that there is no 'killer feature' that was more important than speed.
When things are moving fast and the industry is taking shape, you make the best decisions you can given hunches about the opportunities you spot, and the lay of the technical and market landscape at that moment. You need to make many key technical and business decisions in almost an instant, and in many ways that determines your fate.
Even in retrospect, I think the IL port was the right decision by Dan & Bob given the microcomputing ecosystem at the time. But obviously Mitch & Jon also made the right decision for their own time - just a matter of months later. All of them changed the world.
It’s quite a wonderful set of globally-distributed volunteers brought together by varying passions - from hardware hacking to citizen science.
Whether from fixed or mobile sensors, whether from radiation or air quality sensors, all data is CC0-licensed at birth and is freely available for download.
Such datasets are relatively common across the globe and none that I'm aware of appear to be included.
Their devices appear to be all total count gieger types which don't seperate out energy bands or have much accuracy - ie. "good enough" for coarse results, not that great for identifying radon Vs ??? as a source.
Beyond being 60-bits, programming the 6400/6500/6600/6700 was interesting and memorable in other ways.
- Ones' complement (rather than two's complement) binary representation of integers, and thus the need to cope with "-0" in your code. Modern programmers are surprised that there was a day when "-1" had a different binary representation than today.
- The CPU/CPUs were not actually 'in charge' of the machine. There were ten 12-bit processors called PPU's (peripheral processing units) which did all I/O, and which had the unique capability of doing an "Exchange Jump" instruction to do a CPU task switch. In a sense, the CPUs were 'compute peripherals' to the PPUs.
- The architecture was fascinating in terms of memory hierarchy. The "centeral memory" used by the CPUs was augmented by a much larger "extended memory" (ECS - Extended Core Storage) with block transfer primitives. One could implement high-scale systems (such as the one I worked on - PLATO) that smoothly staged data between CM, ECS, and disk.
In those days, there was a necessarily-direct relationship between the machine language (the bit encoding of instructions for operations & registers) and the assembly language (COMPASS). As a developer it was incredibly enjoyable because, in Ellen Ullman's words, you felt very 'close to the machine'.
Hi! Author of this short post here. Thanks so much for this comment. It's been 'on my list' to do a much longer post on Control Data and Seymour Cray for quite a while. This has convinced me to bump it up the list!
I’m a subscriber and I’d be happy to read as much of that as you want to write. There’s not that much biographical or technical history coverage of Control Data and Cray other than what’s in the not-very-technical Supermen book and anecdotes form one or two individual engineer memoirs.
Thanks for subscribing! I've added CDC and Cray as one of my next 3 or 4 posts so watch this space. Feels like it needs to be a two-parter (at least) though!
There were no LOAD or STORE instructions. Instead there were "address" registers (18 bits wide), matched to each "operand" (60 bit data) register.
When you updated an address register, that memory address was automatically read into the correspond operand register. Except for the last couple address registers - updating them performed a write from the corresponding operand into memory.
By our current way of thinking, it seems arse about. But it worked well when you understood it, and apparently improved concurrency. Loads and stores became sort-of transparent. (Remembering that memory was as fast, sometimes faster than the CPU, so a few instructions saved was worth the occasional unnecessary load.)
See "Design of a Computer, The Control Data 6600" by J E Thornton.
An alternative way to model that in an ISA is the indirect addressing model coupled with the ability to use it when expressing operands in any instruction.
The models are isomorphic.
Write to an "address" register -> write to a register directly
Write to an "operand" register -> write to "(register)" (write to the memory at the address stored in the register)
Not sure which was the first architecture to model it that way. The PDP-11 had it.
You just need one bit in the instruction encoding to determine whether to use direct or indirect access. You need one bit in the instruction encoding if you have twice the registers.
You can save that bit if you make most instructions able to access the "operand" register only, and require that manipulation of the "address" register use special instructions.
In that case you have an "inverse load / store" architecture, where instead of using load store instructions to do indirect access you use them to do direct access.
"Now, no one bats an eye if you ship the most secure crypto you want."
The most surprising thing to me is that, in speaking in the past several years with younger entrepreneurs, they're not even aware of the obligation to file for an export license for any/all software containing crypto (such as that submitted to the App Store).
I've not yet seen a case in which a mass market exemption isn't quickly granted, but devs still need to file - and re-file annually.
I use my HP-16C several times every week while debugging Notecard firmware. Yes, math is integrated into IAR EWARM and there's always Hex Calc on my iPhone. But there is something comforting about grabbing this same little artifact that has been on my desk since the days when I was debugging Lotus Notes using symdeb.
Tangentially related: if you're fascinated about how all of this vintage equipment used to work, and if you find yourself near downtown Seattle on a sunday with an hour or two to spare, I strongly encourage a visit to: https://www.telcomhistory.org/connections-museum-seattle/
It's an incredibly rare opportunity to see geek geezer volunteers keep this central office telephone switching equipment up and running, and they'll proudly show you how it all works. A combination of aging techs and students constantly maintain equipment ranging from crossbar switches to an ESS.
It's a labor of love, and you'll want to leave something in the tip jar just to say thanks.
I can also highly recommend the Connections Museum.
As someone who has spent his career in networking and automation, it was fascinating to see the ingenious electromechanical ways people found to automate early circuit switching. In addition to the working step-machine, panel switch, and crossbar switches, they have a collection of teletypes and other miscellaneous curiosities. The power systems necessary to run the CO and provide dial tone to the area were also quite fascinating.
As an example, one of the small curiosities that particularly fascinated me was a device that read out the current time. This automated a minor facet of what human operators could do that the electromechanical switching systems could not: telling the current time.
I've watched many of the videos on their YouTube channel and have been blown away by all the cool stuff in that museum, and the talented people that keep it going!
It's high on my list of things to see in the US when I next get a chance to spend some time there (which could be several years away so I hope it keeps going strong).
What was supposed to be a simple classroom demonstration of a Geiger counter turned into a school-closing panic when the sensitive radiation detector set up a loud clamor over a rock.
Colonia High School was evacuated and a hazardous materials team clad in lead aprons borrowed from a dentist secured the rock in a lead-lined box.
But scientists said Wednesday that the grapefruit-sized chunk of stone was never any threat.
The radiation danger was no worse than sunlight, said William Csaszar, a radiation physicist for the state Department of Environmental Protection.
Yeah. Alpha and beta radiation is normally harmless unless it's inside your body. Uranium is far more hazardous as a toxic metal than as a radioactive material. Yes--stay away from anyplace depleted uranium rounds were used or depleted uranium armor was hit. Stay away for chemical reasons, not nuclear ones.
Most will get a mass market exemption under 5D992, but a surprising number of modern applications making 'interesting' uses of crypto will need export licenses.
https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/encryption-and-export-admi...