While this is a neat surface level study, there's a few issues I see with it.
>No separation of Full Intellectual Assessment or another re-test, simply self reporting the averaged figure. We lack resolution in results.(ex: were people with high verbal IQ more prone to schizophrenia?)
>Subjects were those concerned with their own mental status. All respondents were MENSA members. While I could test into MENSA, I simply don't care. I have a friend who is in MENSA, they are quite proud of this over dinner conversation, but they are also quite neurotic. This observation is anecdotal, but I'd think you're going to get more people who live a lot of time "in their heads" in MENSA. I would love to have another control group to compare results over.
>They understand that self reporting is ripe for error. An online survey is difficult to accurately administer, people will misrepresent things about them, especially if they think it is a reflection of their own personal value.
It's neat, but I don't think it's reliable enough to make any declarative statements about a linear progression of IQ and health disorders.
I had a startup in Vaping(nicotine) and am still fairly in touch with the industry. There has been no major innovation in nicotine eliquid that would cause a sudden cluster of issues. It's stayed pretty constant since 2013 with the exception of Salt Nicotine, which Pax labs has a gras study published for.
The majority of cases seems to be THC carts where it can be confirmed. One case was confirmed from a dispensary in Oregon. The "Dank Vapes" carts are sold on eBay/AliExpress and anyone can fill them with anything. Reading on here the VitE may have been to increase potency is not something I'm familiar with since I'm not in the TCH trade, but I do know that synthetic vitamin E is made from a petroleum product precursor, and a food grade level of purification may not mean a quality to which it should be vaporised and inhaled.
CDC's reaction is over the top, especially next to the FDA which is offering more precise warnings of avoiding THC carts. Be safe if you're using these thc products, especially since even larger suppliers have trouble tracking supply, bank accounts and company formation that typically cleans up quite a bit of the bad actors from an industry. Nicotine vapes have matured significantly because of this moving to clean labs and central production of the liquid.
In all my experience working for a non-profit that closely involves itself with the CDC and smoking related research, I would never describe the CDC's actions as over-the-top.
They do all their own research and are very measured and even handed with their messaging.
Contrast that to the FDA who have outsourced their job function to back to the companies they're supposed to be regulating.
Three are and have always been three components of e-liquid:
- propylene glycol (used in ice-cream soda etc)
- vegetable glycerin
- food flavoring
Besides proportions changing the only other variant is the type of flavoring. It's not actually too complicated.
And If one of those ingredients was suddenly tainted people using vaporizers would not be the only ones affected, of course.
All three of those elements are not usually vaporized and then inhaled in large quantities. Extrapolation from their effects when ingested is unlikely to apply in these cases.
Your conclusion does not follow from the evidence.
Not necessarily. The first two substances have been vaporized extensively in the past as fog juice. Modern fog fluids use (IIRC) a mix of different glycol formulations, but glycerin is no longer used in any commercial products due to health concerns.
> No Actor may be staged or choreographed within a distance from a specific product’s release point during the “wait” time listed on the product’s Time and Distance guidelines chart.
In Laymen's terms it says "Don't let the actor stand around breathing that shit any longer than necessary for the scene".
To me, that's very different from "inhale this shit directly into your lungs repeatedly multiple times a day".
Everyone is defending the ingredients as being safe but it's like defending water as being safe in when you have a patient who has steam related third degree burns.
My remarks were made in context where it is being claimed that “a new mystery ingredient” is cause for concern. I stated what ingredients are used as a point about how unlikely it would be for something out-of-the-blue to permeate the market.
In your document the Cat 4 exposure dose was stated to be 2.34 mg/L, a recent study[0] found that inhalation exposure at 0.442 mg/L resulted in slight irritation.
What's the exposure when vaping?
The document you link to actually avoids addressing Aggregate Exposure by stating there's insufficient information to draw any conclusions.
> "Since toxicological endpoints for risk assessment were not identified based on the available data, an aggregate risk assessment was not conducted for propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol."
Isn't Aggregate Exposure what we're concerned about with Vaping?
Additionally these studies all talk about aeroslized or nebulized pg, vaporizers are thermal in nature. Does heating pg matter?
The CDC is basically saying "We don't know what this shit does because no studies have ever exposed people to it in this manner. Until we know more you should probably not vape it".
[0] Dalton P, Soreth B, Maute C, Novaleski C, and Banton M (2018). "Lack of respiratory and ocular effects following acute propylene glycol exposure in healthy humans". Inhal. Toxicol. 30: 124–132.
Something just wasn't sitting with me about the document you shared [0] and toxicity categories [1], so I asked my partner, who is an environmental engineer, to explain it to me.
The EPA's toxicity categories [2] are determined by the amount of a substance that will kill you. So if it only takes 50mg/kg or less to kill you it's highly toxic, where as if it takes greater than 5000mg/kg to kill you it's considered non-toxic.
As my partner was explaining to me how to interpret the page, she furrowed her brow because she couldn't figure out how Dipropylene Glycol was Cat 4 and not Cat 3. Per the EPA guidelines the reported lethal levels for Dermal and Inhalation should make it Cat 3.
Further, the document says "Upon reviewing the available toxicity information, the Agency has concluded that there are no endpoints of concern for oral, dermal, or inhalation exposure to propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol." But if you look at the data provided, there is no inhalation exposure data for Propylene Glycol.
So why are we assuming PG is safe to inhale? And why is DG considered Cat 4 and not Cat 3? It's not entirely clear but my partner suspected lobbying which she said is quite common by industry groups like the American Chemistry Council.
I looked around and couldn't find anything specifically related to PG but the American Chemistry Council's Ethylene Glycol Ethers Panel petitions the EPA quite a bit to reclassify and remove reporting requirements. An example is their petition to remove reporting requirements for ethylene glycol monobutyl ether [3] which has similar toxicity categories to PG and DG. When you look at their section on Acute Toxicity, the rationale is not that it's safe but rather that it's unlikely to kill anyone the way it's used and stored in industry. So a lot of the justification that things are safe is based on how it's used. Vaping is a relatively new usage for PG.
When you look at the EPA's executive summary of propylene glycol [4] you can see that there's very little data around inhalation. The one thing I did find was a link to a Military Exposure Guidelines document [5] which indicates that Propylene Glycol exposure at 500 mg/kg (0.5 mg/l) was critically dangerous and resulted in convulsions in Monkeys. Wikipedia's article on propylene glycol [6] however references a study where subjects were exposed to 871 mg/m3 (0.8 mg/l) and only reported mild respiratory irritation. Keep in mind that your original document stated 2.4 m/l would kill you. So I'm inclined to believe that MEGs are closer to the truth than a Wikipedia study locked behind a pay wall.
The more I look into this, the more I see that there's very little research about the long term effects of exposure AND more importantly that much of the categorization, which predates vaping, is based on how it was being used at the time but does not take into account modern use cases.
My conclusion is that the CDC is right and people need to stop breathing this shit until we better understand it.
My remarks were made in context where it is being claimed that “a new mystery ingredient” is cause for concern. I stated what ingredients are used as a point about how unlikely it would be for something out-of-the-blue to permeate the market.
Just a sidenote, a lot of nebulized drugs also contain propylene glycol. I know it's not quite the same delivery mechanism as vaping, but it does end up in the lungs.
In addition to the delivery method being slightly different (because heat) the dosage is much higher.
The few studies out there, mostly related to theatrical fog, state that it causes irritation to mucus membranes. Is that what doctors are seeing in vaper's lungs?
The CDC response seems very measured and not over the top at all. Some of this may have to do with how the news is actually reporting on the matter. For reference, here is published recommendation from the CDC website.
"While this investigation is ongoing, consider not using e-cigarette products.
If you do use e-cigarette products and you experience symptoms like those reported in this outbreak, seek medical care promptly. CDC and the FDA will continue to alert the public throughout this investigation. ..."
As someone who was in the industry, what do you think about the argument of vaping being a safer alternative? I see pretty mixed things in the health community but it's tough because some of the argument seems to be that the tobacco industry has acted nefariously in the past so we can't trust any innovation in the space.
Is there any known experience similar to vaping/smoking of today that has really minimal health consequences but maybe isn't as addictive?
The other is almost entirely a mixture of Propylene Glycol and Vegetable Glycerin.
...except when it isn't, as seems to be happening here. The safety of vaping is entirely dependent on what's in the liquid you're vaporizing; always keep that in mind when purchasing it.
Also, do bear in mind that it's probably not fantastic for your health to be chronically inhaling anything other than highly purified air, no matter how benign it may seem. Relative to smoking cigarettes (or any other plant product), it's much safer. Relative to not vaping at all, there are likely to be at least some health risks, even if they haven't been clearly established yet.
> Is there any known experience similar to vaping/smoking of today that has really minimal health consequences but maybe isn't as addictive?
If you're asking about drugs with similar effects to nicotine that are less addictive, I'm not aware of any. You could always purchase vaping liquid that doesn't contain any nicotine though.
> The other is almost entirely a mixture of Propylene Glycol and Vegetable Glycerin.
What an extraordinary meaningless statement. The question is the health effects of vaporizing those and inhaling them (along with other ingredients). You are happy to provide links about health effects of cigarettes, including ingredients present in n minute amounts, but will only provide a list of major ingredients in vaping products and provide no evidence on whether inhaling them is safe or not.
I believe the current scientific consensus is that more research is needed. These are fairly new products and studies have only started. There are definite impacts on the lung physiology and the heating process does cause chemical reactions between flavorants and the carrying solution creating new compounds such that even if the flavorants and major ingredients are safe independently (which they aren't, see next link), there are byproducts that are produce that may not be[2]. The glycerol in commercial vaping solution seems to be a source of impurities that are known to be harmful[3].
> > The other is almost entirely a mixture of Propylene Glycol and Vegetable Glycerin.
> What an extraordinary meaningless statement.
Not at all. The point being made is that we're dealing with a product composed primarily (99%) of two chemicals that are very clearly established as safe for human consumption (propylene glycol is commonly _injected_). As such, it seems unreasonable to assume absent evidence that the chemicals themselves would pose any significant threat to health.
That leaves other additives (which I noted) and the inhalation itself (which I also noted). As I stated in my previous comment, chronic inhalation of anything is likely to be bad for your health.
You really seem to have missed the context of the question I was responding to - it asked not about absolute safety, but rather safety relative to cigarette consumption.
Yes, as you note, there is always the potential for chemical reactions when mixtures are heated. Given the particular chemical composition and temperatures involved, I'm not personally concerned absent solid evidence. None of the byproducts listed in the study you linked appear particularly worrisome to me. Compared to cigarette, weed, or wood smoke, the contents of vaping such aerosols appears downright healthy. (Only in comparison, of course!)
Rereading my previous comment, something I failed to mention is the risk of inhaling things that are too hot. Depending on what temperature the aerosol is heated to, it could burn you internally (but then we're comparing this to inhaling burning plant matter, so... meh).
> I believe the current scientific consensus is that more research is needed.
To establish what, their precise negative health effects? Of course. But not to establish that they are safer than smoking cigarettes - there's absolutely no question about that.
Here is the conclusion of that study to save a click:
"Based on the results of this study, there is no evidence that theatrical "smoke," at the levels found in the theaters studied, is a cause of occupational asthma among performers. Some of the constituents of theatrical "smoke," such as the aerolized glycols and mineral oil, could have irritative or mucous membrane drying properties in some individuals. Therefore, it is reasonable to minimize exposures by such means as relocating "smoke" machines to avoid exposing actors to the direct, concentrated release of the aerosols, minimizing the amount of "smoke" necessary for the production, and using only fog fluids approved by the manufacturers of the machines. The glycols used should be at the level of "food grade" or "high grade." Glycol-based systems should also be designed to heat the fog fluids only to the lowest temperature needed that achieve proper aerolsolization. This would help to avoid overheating the fluid and minimize the generation of decomposition products."
The report you linked shows quite the opposite, actually. They concluded:
> Based on the results of this study, there is no evidence that theatrical "smoke," at the levels found in the theaters studied, is a cause of occupational asthma among performers.
That being said, chronic exposure is probably not good for you. From a health perspective, don't inhale anything other than air!
Asthma is only one of many possible heath impacts. It was associated with others, just not Asthma.
When compared to actors from the non-"smoke" productions, actors from
two or more of the four productions utilizing theatrical "smoke" reported experiencing a significantly greater prevalence of nasal symptoms (sneezing, runny or stuffy nose), respiratory symptoms (cough, wheeze, breathlessness, chest tightness), and mucous membrane symptoms (sore throat, hoarseness, dry throat, itchy/burning eyes, dry eyes) during their performances for the week prior to the survey.
The final line is: The quantity and frequency of use of the various fogs during a performance should be minimized.
PS: A method of action was suggested to be the breakdown of glycol due to high temperature.
Fog machines cause noticeable effects on breathing at significantly lower exposure levels and concentrations than vaping. IOW, it provides a lower bound for the purported safety of vaping.
The ingredients you list are safe for human ingestion. It doesn't follow that they are safe for inhalation.
Your point that they are likely safer than cigarettes is well taken, but your insistence on the ingredients being known to be safe to inhale is faulty.
Is that what the marketers of the product are claiming as well? I see quite the opposite in the world around me. I feel the vaping industry is just as corrupt if not more so than the awful cigarette companies. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/juul-came-to-a-9th-grade-classr...
>> The other is almost entirely a mixture of Propylene Glycol and Vegetable Glycerin.
> What an extraordinary meaningless statement.
>> ...except when it isn't
Emphasis on "except when it isn't" which highlights the other impurities that might be there. I found the comment to be useful at highlighting what it was designed to highlight - that the safety depends entirely on what's inside the carts. You have no guarantees with some suppliers what the heck's actually inside, and I think saying "it's fairly simple at the base, but rather complicated in reality" is quite helpful for framing.
Unless vaping makes you smoke more compared to cigarettes. In my experience it does. Nicoteen us crazily addictive whatever form you provide it in people will do that too much. The more convenient the more they will do it.
That has not been my experience. With a cigarette, once you start it going, you basically need to finish the whole thing in a short period of time. If you really only wanted one or two drags, sorry, you're down for 10 minutes or so of smoke. (Or you could put it out and waste it, but given how expensive cigarettes are I doubt many smokers are inclined to do that.) With vaping, you can take one drag and put it down. Figuring out the volume or amount of nicotine consumed would be very complicated. And, of course, most of the negative effects of smoking have nothing to do with nicotine and it seems if there are negative effects from vaping, those will likely also not come from the nicotine itself.
I don't have time to thoroughly examine your references right now, but I can tell you off the bat that the third study is very poor - they measured vapor samples at 500°F and 600°F, which is substantially in excess of normal vaping temperatures and would almost certainly produce an acrid, foul-tasting vapor. The presence of CO in the vapor samples clearly indicates oxidation rather than vaporisation. Of course you get lots of nasty byproducts if you burn the liquid.
I think what's going on there is that one of the e-cigs they used had a configurable temperature (200-600 °F). I'll give them the benefit of the doubt and assume that they selected a reasonable one (they don't appear to specify in the methods).
Separately, there's the GC-MS machine - oven (30 - 220 °C ramp) and inlet (320 °C). This shouldn't be (much of) an issue though, as an inert carrier gas is used. Plus you always have controls, so if the GC-MS itself is tearing things apart it should hopefully be obvious.
That being said, I didn't see anything particularly concerning listed in their results (relative to recreational cigarette or alcohol consumption).
In the medical literature there is a classification referred to as a "chipper" who generally smokes only 1 or 2 cigarettes a week on average. Humans are many and varied.
>The safety of vaping is entirely dependent on what's in the liquid you're vaporizing
This is statement is incorrect. It discludes the very real and proven health threats that heavy metal consumption can enlist.
A simple understanding of the chemistry involved is enough to infer the presence of dangers not dependant on the liquid being used. If you cook an acidic tomatoe sauce in a completely copper pot... the safty of consuming that sauce is not entirely dependant on the tomatoes and the same applies to vaping[0].
Sorry, yes, safer alternative to smoking cigarettes
Fair enough, I'm sure it's not healthy to chronically inhale anything other than air
> If you're asking about drugs with similar effects to nicotine that are less addictive, I'm not aware of any. You could always purchase vaping liquid that doesn't contain any nicotine though.
I was asking that but a broader question for me is, are there any safe replacements for cigarettes out there that match the qualities that cigarettes have without the harmful side effects (the idea being if you could create something that was just as fulfilling, addictive, etc. but without the negative side effects you could dramatically decrease the health toll of cigarette smoking). You could argue vapes are that product but it seems like the jury is still out on how much better they actually are than cigarettes and the trouble with attracting new users into the market
> it seems like the jury is still out on how much better they actually are than cigarettes
No. IT IS NOT. You have been mislead.
Unfortunately, for whatever reason, there is currently a lot of FUD and propaganda surrounding vaping. Perhaps due to the term "e-cigarette"?
Other than artificial flavors, the major constituents in the liquid are what I listed above - propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and nicotine. Only nicotine has significant documented health effects (at least that I am aware of), and even that's almost entirely down to it being addictive.
Bear in mind that I'm comparing this to smoking weed or drinking alcohol - both extremely common pastimes throughout the world, and both clearly more harmful than vaping. Anyone trying to scare you off of vaping while not worrying about those other two activities is out of touch with reality.
Of course, abstaining from all of those would be the best advice as far as your long term health is concerned.
> Bear in mind that I'm comparing this to smoking weed or drinking alcohol - both extremely common pastimes throughout the world, and both clearly more harmful than vaping.
What about the dosage though? The people I know who drink alcohol and have a beer or 2 on the weekend. The people I see who vape, do it constantly. Are there people who vape once or twice a week?
Do you have any solid RCTs or meta analysis you could point me to about how much better they are than cigarettes?
Agreed, there's a lot of FUD, but a lot of it is coming from sources that give me a lot of hesitation to doubt (lots of public health leaders, tobacco control groups, WHO people)
I understand alcohol or weed is more harmful than vaping, I'm personally just interested in cigarettes as that seems to be the replacement part, I'm not sure someone would quit drinking or smoking weed and replace with vaping
Edit: I know you pointed me to a solid report in an earlier comment, any additional ones? There are huge numbers of reports on tobacco in general and it's easy to find 1 or 2 reports reflecting one opinion or another
The link below is a systematic evidence review published by Public Health England, covering 415 studies relating to e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Key quotes:
One assessment of the published data on emissions from cigarettes and EC calculated the lifetime cancer risks. It concluded that the cancer potencies of EC were largely under 0.5% of the risk of smoking.
Comparative risks of cardiovascular disease and lung disease have not been quantified but are likely to be also substantially below the risks of smoking. Among
EC users, two studies of biomarker data for acrolein, a potent respiratory irritant, found levels consistent with non-smoking levels.
Biomarkers of exposure assessed to date are consistent with significant reductions in harmful constituents and for a few biomarkers assessed in this chapter, similar levels to smokers abstaining from smoking or non-smokers were observed.
Don't forget that most of the evidence they used comes from research funded by the tobacco industry, and when you exclude that data the research shows more harm.
> Public Health England's 2015 independent evidence review found that, based on the available evidence, vaping is around 95% less harmful than smoking. The Royal College of Physicians came to a similar conclusion in its 2016 report 'Nicotine without smoke: tobacco harm reduction'.
> Agreed, there's a lot of FUD, but a lot of it is coming from sources that give me a lot of hesitation to doubt (lots of public health leaders, tobacco control groups, WHO people)
None of these sources are saying that vaping is comparable to smoking in terms of harms caused.
They're saying that some harm is caused, and that we don't know what harms are caused, and so the precautionary principle means we should make sure that non-smokers do not take up vaping, and that smokers should use other nicotine replacement methods.
> we should make sure that non-smokers do not take up vaping
How about we let adults do as they please instead.
The most anybody should ever do about vaping is warn people that maybe it's not the safest thing in the world.
Instead in the EU we have a ridiculous law that makes it illegal to sell nicotine liquid in container bigger than 10ml, which means that if I don't want to spend twice what I used on cigarettes, I have to buy non-nicotine 100ml bottles of liquid and then buy separate 10ml bottles of nicotine concentrate and mix them myself, doing the math myself to get the proportion I used to be able to just order and generating a small pile of empty small plastic bottles every month because people who can't sleep at night unless somebody does something about everything!!!OHGODSTHECHILBREN!!! keep coming up with stupid ideas like that.
Please we should not be making sure of anything! We don't need to be sure that every body is absolutely safe all the time, put a warning label and let us do as we wish with our health.
Letting adults do as they please is a common refrain, but when you're living in a country with subsidized healthcare, the government has an incentive (at the macro level) to not let you do stupid things that raise healthcare costs, which are then passed on to the population at large.
In America, you break it, you buy it. Everywhere else, I have no problem with a bit of governmental oversight to make sure people don't hurry themselves to a quicker and more expensive death.
That is a savagely, tragically dangerous position to take in a country with subsidized healthcare. We have many examples of unintended consequences resulting from attempted behavior modification with the goal of improving health, and government policies, due to the way they are executed, are inherently much more difficult to reverse or change than education. Just for one example, look at the American Heart Association. In the 70s, they believed they saw evidence that the amount of the diet which came from saturated fats produced increased risks to heart health. So they pursued governmental avenues to reduce the saturated fat intake of Americans by 15%. They succeeded. Saturated fat was removed from many products available on store shelves. Which made them taste like cardboard. Which made sales fall. To restore flavor, they filled the products with sugar and salt. Sales improved. Average American caloric intake skyrocketed. It birthed an obesity epidemic, a diabetes epidemic, and yes, a heart disease epidemic. Meanwhile, research showed saturated fat wasn't quite so dangerous as once thought.
Trusting people to their own devices and doing no more than education is not perfect. But it reduces the odds of unintended consequences like this drastically. It also makes it much easier to change course when necessary.
Not the case at all. We have subsidized healthcare in the USA and have had it for a long time. The poor (typically the demographics of vapers and smokers) rely on free healthcare quite a bit via Medicaid and or just having the tax payers foot their hospital bill for them. Older people have Medicare. We also subsidize addiction facilities and mental facilities as well. We pay way more for our healthcare than most other nations but we also have most of the medical innovations occurring in the states. All that said, yeah the government does not allow citizens to jump off buildings and run out into traffic because they think it's a good idea. We try to warn against those types of things and it's no different than what the CDC is doing by warning Americans to stop vaping until we know what is killing people.
> How about we let adults do as they please instead.
I don't understand why your post is so angry. In England there are no laws that stop people vaping. We have a government organisation that has to make recommendations for public health, and they've given their recommendation.
I think it's a lot safer than smoking, there's probably a lot safer methods, but vapings efficacy vs other quit methods is just too good to discard for even slight health risks vs smoking. Only Juul/Pax has a hidden Big Tobacco interest, the rest are either overt or companies that are dedicated to vapor only. Almost all the innovation came from outside Big Tobacco, but all that is coming to an end with FDA'S regulations of Vaping. No new products so I left, since I exclusively designed hardware.
Most vapor products can be used with eliquid that has varied levels of nicotine and most shops were (2012-2017) very active in promoting customers to reduce their nicotine level to 0, so addiction to the devices can be self regulated if that is your goal.
The US seems to be in the process of legalizing recreational weed, which is often consumed by inhaling plant smoke. Relative to that (or alcohol), I wouldn't worry too much about vaping nicotine. It doesn't appear to have any significant harmful effects other than being addictive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Adverse_effects).
That being said, not chronically inhaling anything other than air is definitely the right way to go if you're taking long term health effects into consideration.
Yeah I'm sure inhaling weed smoke isn't healthy, but at least with weed, very few people inhale it as regularly as cigarette smokers do cigarette smoke.
What mean to say is, if you are a purveyor of nicotine products in a professional manner, probably best to not recommend nicotine containing products outside the context of smoking cessation.
Though this line of inquiry rapid segues in to a philosophical debate.
But is this because you think vaping is more dangerous than smoking?
Or because you think enabling a harmful activity, even if it's a less harmful than the activity it's being substituted for makes you morally culpable? So providing methadone would be a moral wrong?
Interestingly, one big manufacturer I worked with specifically avoided making their device a 'cessation aid' - something to help give up. You can think what you want about their motivation, but the explanation they gave is that if you are a cessation aid then you get into medical device territory and so hit a load of extra regulation.
Okay, didn't realize it was only Juul/Pax that had that hidden interest. I'm mainly in Eastern Europe these days and Philip Morris is pushing IQOS hard (I know it's in a different category but I think it eats at the same market share, younger more affluent health-conscious users who know cigs are bad but still want to smoke something)
You mention there probably being safer methods - any idea on them or where I should look for more info?
I've been researching tobacco, mainly taxation (which in theory is one of the most powerful ways to get people to quit things, by jacking up the prices) but I'm generally interested in the field, and it seems to me that a potentially even better methodology than making things too expensive for many to afford is to innovate and develop something that's just way healthier a replacement that gives consumers the same benefits.
Yes, Juul was bought for $4bn by ALCS which is the parent company behind Philip Morris USA, Marlboro and many other brands.
Philip Morris International (i.e. Europe) is technically a separate entity. They were separated out a while ago (probably to avoid anti-trust issues). In theory they share stuff with the US but the separation is why you're getting different products.
A bit off topic, but why hasn't the tech advanced too much in the RTA/RDTA area? I tried juul, but pods are just not for me, they produce too little vapour and feel awkward to use.
I've been using Creed and Zeus atomizers since I started and they are really low tech with lots of issues, they leak juice, the airflow is not ideal, sometimes they burn the coils too quickly, no one knows what the ideal wick size or thickness is and so on. I sometimes wonder, if the potential market for vaping is so huge, why are there no better products with better designs? I feel like there's a lot of simple/easy fixed to improve them.
If you are an existing smoker and if your device and liquid are from a reputable supplier, absolutely yes.
The problem is that a lot of the industry is not reputable and not well controlled. This means that you can get liquids that contain all sorts of things and devices that heat in an uncontrolled way. Even the perfect liquid if overheated (as it is in many large devices) produces aldehydes. As you might expect, breathing formaldehyde is bad.
The industry also seems to be taking the opportunity to up the nicotine numbers, so if your intention is to give up that's not helping.
Interesting consequence of the global supply chain (really, network). For every ingredient or process sourced from a different manufacturer or factory or farm, there's added difficulty in auditing quality and consistency, and a source of unwanted variation in the end product. It's feasible to comb over one factory to look for quality problems, but not for hundreds of suppliers around the world.
My local news ran a segment about THC vapes. Some local doctors were talking about an increase in vape related hospital visits.
They interviewed the guy and he basically said he bought a random THC vial from some guy who walked up to him on the street. He said it didn’t feel right and was probably spice or something synthetic.
The last I saw in the Oregonian a few days ago they said that they suspect it is from one of two dispensaries but are not certain. Possibly they confirmed since then but I haven't seen it in the news at least if so.
> While many of the patients, but not all, reported recent use of THC-containing products, some reported using both THC- and nicotine-containing products. A smaller group reported using nicotine only.
That’s directly from the CDC. They should probably stop using the word e-cigarette especially due to the fact nobody using the THC vapes calls them that.
Curious linguistic detail: they need to use the word that people using THC vapes expect them to use for clear communications to occur. As a stuffy international organization, they'd be expected to use something that sounds like a technical term. Vs for instance, some slang or cool-kid term.
I've thought about this a lot.
If we're going after the most affected, it's going to be inner city youths. They have a lesser chance of making it through a 4 year, because their support structure isn't there because of historical injustices.
K-12's can change their curriculum to focus more on tech for a specific type of application, instead of just "build an app, write node, learn python" generics. Especially if they can turn out talented students before HS graduation.
>Microcontrollers
>Auto Engine Management Systems
>Civil Infrastructure
>Utility Infrastructure
I know these are by and large not the 'sexy' pie in the sky stuff most 'hot' investors chase, but these are upper-middle class jobs that there is less competition in, and are actually vitally important, meaning they will be around longer than SNAP inc. I think with intensive focus, the people who are placed in these programs, their kids will be completing CS 4 years and competing for 'creative applications in the valley', but the foundations need to be built up first.
It breaks the "laws of batteries" until it doesn't.
Has everyone lost their memory retention?
Maybe everyone on HN is Software centric and hardware hobbyist. Fair enough.
Big things coming in the battery space.
https://news.utexas.edu/2017/02/28/goodenough-introduces-new...
Just wanted to make sure that FOSS hadn't made everyone open borders evangelicals.
Many demographics have huge unemployment problems, mostly NEETs, because the jobs they used to do are replaced by absolute lowest wage immigrants. This problem has been long brewing in the US, and I just don't understand how making it worse (more immigration) is going to solve it. At the same time I know I'm a massive beneficiary with overseas production of my products and cheap food at home.
Also, why is HN posting pure political articles so much now? I understand technology intersects with politics, but at this point anyone strongly advocating for saving the H#B programs are probably H1B beneficiary companies which are only the Big tech companies, so a story like this feels like it's rolled out to the tech community to soften you up to the plight of the H2B community.
If that's the case, this is nothing more than a propaganda feed.
>No separation of Full Intellectual Assessment or another re-test, simply self reporting the averaged figure. We lack resolution in results.(ex: were people with high verbal IQ more prone to schizophrenia?)
>Subjects were those concerned with their own mental status. All respondents were MENSA members. While I could test into MENSA, I simply don't care. I have a friend who is in MENSA, they are quite proud of this over dinner conversation, but they are also quite neurotic. This observation is anecdotal, but I'd think you're going to get more people who live a lot of time "in their heads" in MENSA. I would love to have another control group to compare results over.
>They understand that self reporting is ripe for error. An online survey is difficult to accurately administer, people will misrepresent things about them, especially if they think it is a reflection of their own personal value.
It's neat, but I don't think it's reliable enough to make any declarative statements about a linear progression of IQ and health disorders.