yeah, ui stuff was changing extremely fast. shneiderman's keynote where he introduced the term 'direct manipulation' wasn't even until 01982. his canonical examples of what he meant by 'direct manipulation' were, in order, emacs, visicalc, zooming in and out of gis data or a conceptual 2-d information space with a joystick, pong, missile command, space invaders, light-pen-driven cad/cam systems (into which
category he shoehorns newspaper page layout and process control
dashboards in continuous-flow plants), driving a car, recording and replaying robot motions, zloof's 01975 query by example, and finally, at the end, “advanced office automation systems” like the xerox star and ibm’s
pictureworld
in this context, it's amusing that p.6/36 of that scan you linked cites user interface uniformity as a key advantage of smalltalk: 'the environment's window facilities consistently adhere to a small number of user interface conventions that are quickly learned by casual and experienced users alike.'
[39]: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2092.2093 "The future of interactive systems and the emergence of direct manipulation, by Ben Shneiderman, originally presented as the Keynote Address at the NYU Symposium on User Interfaces, 01982-05-26–28, then published with numerous typographical errors in 01982, Behaviour & Information Technology, 1:3, 237-256, DOI 10.1080/01449298208914450"
in this context, it's amusing that p.6/36 of that scan you linked cites user interface uniformity as a key advantage of smalltalk: 'the environment's window facilities consistently adhere to a small number of user interface conventions that are quickly learned by casual and experienced users alike.'
[39]: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2092.2093 "The future of interactive systems and the emergence of direct manipulation, by Ben Shneiderman, originally presented as the Keynote Address at the NYU Symposium on User Interfaces, 01982-05-26–28, then published with numerous typographical errors in 01982, Behaviour & Information Technology, 1:3, 237-256, DOI 10.1080/01449298208914450"